/- 


/^d4/ 


University  of  California. 

FROM    THE    LIBKAkY   OF 

DR.    FRANCIS     LIEBER, 
Professor  (-f  History  and  Law  in  Columbia  College,  New  Y(iil\. 


THE  GUT   OF 

MICHAEL    REESE 

Of  San  Francisco. 
1B73. 


/ 


A  REVIEW 


A    RE  VIE  W, 

BY  A   LAYMAN,  i 

OF  A  WORK  ENTITLED, 

"NEW  THEMES  FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY: 

CREEDS  WITHOUT  CHARITY, 

THEOLOGY  WITHOUT  HUMANITY, 

AND 

PROTESTANTISM  WITHOUT  CHRISTIANITY." 


"New  opinions,  divers  and  dangerous;  which  are  heresies, 
And,  not  reform'd,  may  prove  pernicious." 

Henry  VIII.,  Act  5,  Scene  2, 


PHILADELPHIA: 
LIPPINCOTT,  aHAMBO,  AND  CO 

11*  ,  ^  1852. 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1852,  by 

LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO,  AND  CO., 

in  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United 

States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 
T.  K.  AND  P.  G.   COLLINS,  PRINTERS. 


A   EEVIEW 


OP 


NEW  THEMES  FOR  THE  PROTESTANT 
CLERGY,"  ETC. 


Amidst  the  multiplicity  of  works  now 
issuing  from  the  press,  calculated  merely  to 
gratify  the  imagination,  or  please  the  taste, 
it  is  encouraging  to  find,  occasionally,  some 
book  which  urges  upon  our  notice  the  duties 
of  humanity.  We  would  not  banish  the 
former  from  our  table  and  libraries,  but 
neither  should  they  make  us  unmindful  of 
the  grave  responsibilities  of  life.  Enter- 
taining these  sentiments,  we  are  always 
prepared  to  judge  favourably  of  any  book 
intended  to  stir  men  up  to  active  usefulness, 
and  philanthropic  effort.  If,  therefore,  the 
"  New  Themes  for  the  Protestant  Clergy" 
have  failed  to  gain  our  approval,  it  is  cer- 

2 


14  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


tainly  not  because  we  have  perused  it  in  a 
captious  and  fault  finding  spirit.  Indeed, 
we  have  been  informed  of  the  topics  of  the 
work,  not  by  its  caption,  but,  in  spite  of  its 
title :  for  we  naturally  supposed  that  such 
a  belligerent  title  page  as  "New  Themes 
for  the  Protestant  Clergy,  creeds  without 
charity,  theology  without  humanity,  and 
protestantism  without  Christianity,"  could 
emanate  only  from  a  Roman  Catholic,  who 
was  prepared  to  contrast  the  excellencies  of 
his  own  church,  with  this  deplorable  state 
of  affairs  alleged  to  exist  in  the  camp  of  the 
enemy.  This,  we  say,  is  a  natural  infe- 
rence from  the  title;  and  as  a  proof  that  it 
is,  we  know  it  was  asserted  that,  the  author 
of  this  work  had  become  a  Roman  Catholic, 
and  written  against  his  former  religious 
associates. 

If  the  title  do  not  mean  that  the  "  Pro- 
testant Clergy  are  thus  guilty,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Roman  Catholic  Clergy, 
then  it  means  nothing,  and  is  a  gratuitous 


ETC.  15 

insult  to  the  ^*  Protestant  Clergy."  Not 
only  so,  but  it  is  manifestly  unjust  to  brand 
one  class  of  men  by  name,  and  then  prove 
that  they  are  no  worse  than  those  from 
whom  this  name  distinguishes  them.  The 
professed  object  of  the  work  would  appear 
to  be,  to  charge  the  responsibility  of  pau- 
perism, upon  all  who  are  not  paupers.  To 
the  pauper  himself,  no  blame  seems  to  be 
attached:  the  guilt  of  his  crimes,  and  the 
disgrace  of  his  rags,  are  thrown  upon  his 
religious,  and  well  dressed,  neighbour.  No 
matter  how  he  became  a  pauper : — he  may 
have  drank  away  his  money,  or  thrown 
away  his  money,  or  have  forfeited  his  char- 
acter by  crime,  so  that  employers  will  not 
trust  him  : — ^yet,  forsooth,  the  reckoning  for 
all  this  lies  at  the  door  of  every  good  citizen 
in  the  community.  Perhaps,  as  is  the  case 
in  thousands  of  instances,  he  refuses  to 
work.  Now  we  know  what  the  apostle's 
rule  is  in  such  cases.  If  any  man  will  not 
work  neither  shall  he  eat.  2  Thess.  3 — 10. 


16  A  REVIEW  OF   "NEW  THEMES 


But  our  author  s  charity  seems  to  be  of  a 
more  enlarged  kind.  A  pauper  seems  to 
him  an  object  of  interest,  because  he  is  a 
pauper.  What  he  would  have  us  to  do, 
under  the  melancholy  state  of  things  that 
he  depicts,  we  have  in  vain  endeavored  to 
ascertain  from  his  pages.  The  dark  com- 
plexion of  the  title  page,  colours  the  whole 
book.  Protestants,  and  Roman  Catholics, 
Clergy,  and  Laymen,  men,  and  women,  all 
share  alike.  All  are  rated  soundly,  for  not 
doing  something  which  the  author  would 
set  them  at,  though  he  hardly  seems  to 
know  what  it  is,  himself.  If  there  be  any 
thing  he  recommends,  we  should  suppose 
it  was  to  fill  the  pockets  with  money,  and 
rush  from  house  to  house,  among  the  poorer 
classes,  distributing  broad-cast,  just  as  people 
wished  for  it.  What  would  be  the  result 
of  such  a  day's  labour; — ^where  the  money 
would  be  found  (in  many  cases)  before  the 
next  morning; — we  will  not  stop  to  inquire. 
The  author  of  "  New  Themes,"  professes 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  17 


to  believe  in  Christianity  as  a  divine  reve- 
lation, and  we  do  not  doubt  his  sincerity; 
yet  we  can  truly  say  that,  an  extensive 
perusal  of  infidel  writings,  has  failed  to  pre- 
sent to  our  notice  any  work  so  abusive  of 
Christians,  and  Christian  Literature,  as  is 
this  production  of  an  avowed  believer,  at 
least  in  the  truths  of  the  Bible.  Wholesale 
denunciation  of  those  who  bear  the  name  of 
Christ,  is  the  great  staple  of  the  whole 
work.  In  a  literary  point  of  view,  we 
might  object  to  the  tautology  which  presents 
us  with  the  same  set  of  charges,  repeated, 
page  after  page,  in  almost  exactly  the  same 
words;  so  that  the  297  pages  might  be  cur- 
tailed 100,  without  much  detracting  from 
the  essence  of  the  book.  But  it  is  the 
spirit  and  tendency  of  these  pages,  which 
excite  our  sorrow  that,  an  avowed  friend  of 
religion,  should  thus  hold  it  up  as  an  object 
of  scorn  and  contempt  to  an  unbelieving 
world.  Not  that  we  would  wish  the  truth 
to  be  suppressed,  but  if  these  pages  bear  the 

2* 


18  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


stamp  of  truth,  we  have  greatly  erred  in 
our  judgment  of  them. 

We  propose  a  brief  review  of  "New 
Themes  for  the  Protestant  Clergy,"  and 
shall  endeavour  to  consider  its  merits  in  a 
spirit  of  candour,  and  certainly  without 
prejudice  against  either  the  book,  or  its 
unknown  author.  As  we  have  already  in- 
timated, the  distinguishing  feature  of  the 
work  is  unsparing  abuse.  Although  the 
"  Protestant  Clergy"  are  gibbeted  on  the  title 
page,  yet  with  what  injustice,  as  Protestants, 
will  appear  from  our  author's  sentiments 
concerning  Komanists.  According  to  his 
views,  Komanism  is  a  failure.  Protestantism 
is  a  failure,  and,  of  course,  Christianity  is  a 
failure.  Let  us  first  give  samples  of  our 
author's  opinion  of  Komish  charities.  "  Pa- 
pal Eome  did  not  cease  to  inculcate  charity, 
and  extol  it  as  the  highest  of  Christian  vir- 
tues; but  this  she  did,  not  that  she  cared 
for  the  poor,  but  because  ^she  was  a  thief, 
and  had  the  bag,  and  bare  what  was  put 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  19 


therein/  John  12 — 6.  Like  JudaS;  whose 
apparent  zeal  for  the  poor  exceeded  that  of 
the  other  disciples,  his  zeal  to  fill  his  bag 
having  increased  with  the  avarice  which  the 
bearing  of  that  bag  had  engendered,  the 
papacy  preached  charity  with  increasing 
earnestness  when  avarice  had  become  the 
motive.  The  experience  of  the  Koman 
church  proved  that,  where  there  is  a  bag  of 
money  to  be  held,  or  large  sums  to  be  ad- 
ministered, a  Judas  will  creep  into  the  office. 
*  "^  *  Religious  houses  and  charitable  insti- 
tutions became  the  scenes  of  frightful  abuse 
and  perversion.  No  wickedness  of  this 
world  has  much  exceeded  that  which  these 
abuses  have  exhibited."  (p.  82,  83). 

If  Eome  thus  proved  derelict,  why  are 
the  Protestant  Clergy,  alone,  to  be  impaled 
on  our  authors  amiable  title  page?  This 
is  tolerably  severe  on  our  Romish  bre- 
thren, but  if  they  think  to  get  off'with  this, 
they  are  much  mistaken.  How  do  they 
like  this  picture? 


20  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


"  When  Rome  had  assumed  the  govern- 
ment of  all  Christendom,  and  had  put 
forth  every  device  which  cunning  and 
wickedness  could  contrive  to  increase  her 
power,  and  to  extract  money  from  her 
votaries,  she  preached  charity  unceasingly, 
as  the  great  feature  and  characteristic  of 
the  Christian  religion.  *  *  "Whilst  the  main 
object  was  to  become  the  administrators  of 
charity,  and  to  absorb  the  alms  of  the  faith- 
ful, it  happily  fell  out  that  all  the  givers 
did  not  select  the  Church  as  the  medium  of 
their  bounty,  and  that  many  actually  prac- 
tised that  charity  which  was  chiefly  en- 
forced from  interested  motives."  (p.  84). 
Again  :  "  The  corruptions  and  abuses  of  the 
Romish  Church  assumed  in  this  period  a 
form  in  which  the  priesthood,  in  all  its 
grades,  must  naturally  become  ambitious, 
corrupt,  and  tyrannical ;  the  mass  of  the 
people  ignorant,  superstitious,  and  enslaved." 
(p.  86).  As  Protestant  modes  of  providing 
for  the  poor,  are  so  much  reprehended,  we 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  21 


would,  of  course,  infer  that,  our  author 
greatly  prefers  the  system  of  ancient  Kome. 
We  are,  therefore,  surprised  at  the  dark 
picture  which  he  draws  in  the  above,  and 
the  following,  sketch.  "  During  this  cor- 
rupt period  the  charitable  institutions, 
which  had  multiplied  without  number  in 
the  primitive  ages  of  Christianity,  under  an 
infinity  of  names  and  organizations,  were 
to  a  great  extent,  perverted  from  their  true 
design  and  the  objects  of  the  founders. 
Monasteries,  hospitals,  religious  houses  of 
every  name  became  nests  of  lazy  drones, 
consuming  and  wasting  the  bounty  of  the 
charitable — the  patrimony  of  the  poor. 
Many  associations,  which  had  their  origin 
in  a  plan  of  joint  labour  for  the  poor,  became 
sinks,  swallowing  the  benefactions  attached 
to  their  institutions  by  the  purity  and  indus- 
try of  the  early  associates.  *  *  Not  only 
were  these  ancient  establishments  thus  per- 
verted and  abused,  but  innumerable  others 
were  founded,  and  in  like  manner  abused. 


22  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


The  mass  of  these  perversions  and  corrup- 
tions, became  so  great  finally,  as  to  draw  the 
attention  of  all  who  had  minds  even  par- 
tially free  from  the  bondage  of  the  church. 
They  became  an  offence  to  all  such  in 
Christendom."  (p.  87,88).  "  The  long  abuse 
of  charity  and  its  institutions  had  made 
them  a  stench  in  the  nostrils  of  those 
who  had  become  awakened  to  papal  usurpa- 
tion." (p.  90).  ^ 

The  modern  Eoman  church  does  not 
seem  to  please  our  censor  any  better  than 
that  of  former  days,  for  we  are  told,  at  p. 
183:  "But  the  world  now  looks  on  and 
beholds,  in  Catholic  countries,  that  great 
machine  called  the  Church,  contrived  by 
crafty  and  ambitious  men  to  enrich  them- 
selves, under  cover  of  ignorance  and  super- 
stition &c."  "  Let  not  the  Romanist  flatter 
himself  that  the  Church  can  ultimately 
vindicate  Christianity,  and  set  all  right.  *  * 
His  church  is  condemned  already,  and  is 
clinging  with  unwise  and  depraved  pertina- 


ETC.  23 

city  to  that  power  which  the  world  will  ere 
long  tear  from  hands  polluted  with  every 
crime."  (p.  184,  185.)  Now  if  this  be  a 
true  picture  of  Rome,  why  should  not  these 
"  New  Themes"  be  commended  to  the 
Roman  Clergy,  as  well  as  the  Protestant 
Clergy  ?  Surely,  Eomanism  is  a  failure, 
if  these  be  her  works  ! 

Now  let  us  see  what  is  the  opinion  of  our 
critic,  of  those  men  "  of  whom  the  world 
was  not  worthy" ; — who  willingly  "  endured 
the  loss  of  all  things,"  for  the  love  they  bore 
to  Christ  and  His  Gospel?  What  does  he 
think  of  the  reformers  ? 

"  The  men  of  the  Reformation  were  men 
of  truth,  not  of  charity"  (p.  112.)  "  Their 
building  was  massy,  of  noble  and  severe 
outline  :  its  frame  work  of  truth  was  of 
impregnable  strength,  yet  it  was  cold,  for- 
bidding, and  uncomfortable ;  it  was  neither 
warmed  nor  lighted  by  charity.  *  *  Look 
into  the  Theology  of  the  Reformation  and 
see  if  it  be  not  subject  to  this  reproach.     It 


24  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


is  a  fonrm  of  Christianity  with  charity  left 
out ;  *  *  It  is  a  monstrous  technicality ; 
it  is  sculptured  marble,  white  and  beautiful, 
but  rigid  and  unfeeling."  (p.  Ill,  112.) 
And  yet  he  proceeds  to  tell  us,  "  This  takes 
away  none  of  the  real  merits  of  the  Eeforma- 
tion."   (p.  112.) 

We  have  remarked  that,  our  author  seems 
to  consider  Christianity  as  a  failure.  In  il- 
lustration of  this  portion  of  the  "  New 
Themes,"  we  shall  quote  a  series  of  the 
bitterest  denunciations  against  Christians, 
we  have  ever  yet  encountered.  Gibbon  is 
more  respectful,  and  Bolingbroke  far  more 
polite,  when  censuring  Christians,  than  is 
our  professed  believer  in  Christ.  The  reader 
will  be  immediately  reminded  of  the  as- 
perity of  Yoltaire,  and  the  recklessness  of 
Paine.  Hear  our  author  s  opinion  of  his 
fellow  Christians !  The  italics  throughout 
this  review,  are  our  own.  "  Where  are  the 
Christians  of  whom  it  may  be  said,  ^  By 
this  shall  all  men  know  that  ye  are  my  dis- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  25 


ciples,  if  ye  have  love  to  one  another/ — 
such  love  as  Christ  himself  prescribes  and 
characterizes  ?  If  no  such  exemplification, 
and  no  approach  to  it  can  he  found,  may  we 
not  fear  that  this  is  the  barrier  which  now 
stays  the  progress  of  Christianity  ?  *  * 
When  the  men  of  the  heathen  world  look 
upon  the  Christian  world,  what  do  they  be- 
hold ?  Christianity  ? — No  !  Civilization  : 
— civilized  men  indebted  to  Christianity, 
but  not  repaying  the  obligation.  They  be- 
hold the  evidences  of  science  on  every  side, 
hut  illustrations  of  the  pure  teachings  of 
Christ  they  find  ncmherer  (p.  28;  29.) 

Rather  sweeping  this  !  We  defy  the  most 
diligent  reader,  to  produce  a  severer  denun- 
ciation, from  the  pages  of  any  avowed  infidel. 
And  this  is  no  hasty  ebullition  of  passion, 
but  the  author's  deliberate  opinion.  For 
hear  him  farther : 

"  Where  is  the  Christianity  which  they 
[scripture  texts]  prescribe  ?     Where  are  the 


26  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


Christians  who  receive  these  instructions 
and  obey  them?"  (p.  58.)  "We  have 
thousands  upon  thousands  of  volumes  of 
religious  books ;  but  where  is  our  Chris- 
tianity ?  *  *  Where,  we  ask,  are  the 
results  of  this  immense  and  costly  para- 
phernalia of  Christianity?  Is  there  not 
reason  to  inquire  if  the  essence  of  true  re- 
ligion has  not  been  crushed,  repelled,  and 
sometimes  wholly  extinguished,  under  this 
load."  (p.  60,  61.) 

"  The  thirst  for  power,  the  rage  to  govern, 
infects  more  or  less  the  mass  and  the  indi- 
viduals of  every  religiovrS  denomination."  (p. 
100,  101.) 

"  If  Christianity  is  not  exemplified  in  the 
lives  of  its  professors  in  this  country,  where 
lies  the  responsibility?"  (p.  174.) 

"  In  point  of  fact,  we  find  Christians  for- 
getting their  vocation  in  the  exercise  of 
their  duty  as  citizens,  and  ranging  them- 
selves in  the  rank  and  file  of  political  gam- 
blers and  demagogues."  (p.  174,  175.) 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  27 


^^  Look,  then,  at  those  who  profess  to  be 
his  followers,  and  bear  his  name.  Scores 
of  churches  surround  us,  mutually  repelling 
and  attacking  each  other,  and  affording  a 
scene  of  strife^  jealousy,  animosity ,  and  evil 
spealdng,  with  scarce  a  parallel  for  virulence 
in  the  proceedings  of  those  who  profess  no  fel- 
lowship with  Christ r  (p.  176). 

Did  any  of  our  readers,  in  all  their  expe- 
rience in  theological  controversy,  ever  meet 
with  any  thing  quite  so  bitter  as  this  charge  ? 
As  to  its  truth,  we  need  say  nothing.  It 
confutes  itself.  Is  there  any  gall  in  infidel 
ink  quite  equal  to  the  following.  If  so,  we 
have  yet  to  see  it. 

"But  while  this  sectarianism  is  thus  a 
spectacle  to  the  world,  it  is  eclipsed  by  the 
internal  feuds  to  which  these  sects  are 
themselves  exposed.  Many  of  them  have 
been  convulsed  to  their  centres,  or  blown 
asunder  by  explosions  of  strife  and  evil  pas- 
sions, which  were  a  disgrace  to  civilization, 
let  alone   Christianity,     *     *     Apart  from 


28  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


these  flagrant  departures  from  the  spirit  of 
Christianity,  what  does  the  current  history 
of  the  various  churches,  in  greater  or  less 
degree  disclose?  Intense  and  often  un- 
scrupulous rivalry,  incessant  and  unkind 
competition,  a  self-glorifying  and  haughty 
demeanour."  (p.  177.) 

No  wonder  that  our  censor  considers 
Christianity  a  failure,  if  he  believe  the  above 
and  the  following : 

"  Let  modern  Pharisees  of  every  church, 
who  imagine  they  have  attained  unto  the 
full  measure  of  holiness,  pause  to  inquire 
whether  they  are  not  merely  full  of  spirit- 
ual pride  and  uncharitableness  :  for  sanctity 
cannot  dwell  but  with  brotherly  love."  (p. 
182.)  ^^  A  devotion  to  Mammon  never  before 
equalled,  a  grinding  competition  in  all  the 
pursuits  of  life,  a  race  for  wealth  and  power 
&c.  *  *  a  scene  of  strife,  of  endless  divi- 
sions, of  hot  discussions  about  trifles,  of 
sectarian  rivalry,  in  which  every  element  of 
evil  mingles,  often  without  even  a  spice  of 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  29 


human  kindness,  much  less  religious  charity. 
Will  the  world  adopt  Christianity  while 
this  picture  is  before  it?  No:  the  world 
has  already  risen  in  judgment  upon  Chris- 
tianity as  exemplified  by  those  who  are 
called  Christians."  (p.  183,  184.)  Why 
the  author  should  profess  to  believe  in  the 
divine  origin  of  a  religion  which  has  thus 
signally  failed  to  fulfil  its  purpose,  we  leave 
him  to  explain.  Advocates  for  Christianity, 
from  Tertullian  to  Paley,  have  considered 
its  beneficial  effects  upon  individuals  and 
nations,  as  one  of  its  strongest  proofs.  But 
it  seems  they  were  altogether  mistaken. 
Upon  only  one  presumption  do  we  find  the 
"New  Themes"  intelligible  and  consistent. 
This  presumption  is  that,  it  is  offered  to  the 
world  by  an  unbeliever,  as  a  proof  of  the 
failure  of  Christianity.  And  if  Christianity 
have  failed,  the  inference  is  irresistible ;  it 
cannot  be  from  God.  It  is  folly  to  say 
that,  Christianity  has  failed,  because  men 
were  unworthy  of  it.     "  Known  unto  God 

3* 


30  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


are  all  his  works  from  the  beginnings"  and 
is  it  to  be  believed  that,  he  has  given  Chris- 
tianity to  the  world,  at  the  expense  of  His 
Son's  blood,  and  the  sufferings  of  His  mar- 
tyrs, in  all  ages,  with  a  full  knowledge  of 
it3  inadequacy  to  fulfil  what  he  declares  to 
be  his  purpose  in  the  gift?  Yet  we  do  not 
believe  the  author  of  "  New  Themes"  to  be 
an  infidel.  He  professes  to  believe  in  the 
Scriptures,  and  we  credit  his  profession. 
But,  certainly,  we  should  never  arrive  at 
such  a  conclusion  from  his  book.  To  show 
that  we  are  not  singular  in  this  view,  let 
us  mention  an  incident,  connected  with  the 
first  publication  of  "New  Themes."  A 
bookseller,  who  had  the  book  sent  him  for 
sale,  glanced  over  its  pages,  and,  being  a 
conscientious  man,  saw  enough  to  make  him 
hesitate  whether  he  ought  to  dispose  of  it. 
Not  willing  to  rest  entirely  upon  his  own 
judgment,  he  sent  the  book  to  one  of  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  United  States, 
whom  he  considered  a  suitable  judge,  with 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  81 


a  request  that  he  would  give  his  opinion  of 
the  work.  After  inspection,  a  written  opin- 
ion was  returned  to  this  effect: — "The 
book  must  be  the  production  of  an  infidel, 
or  a  socialist.  I  advise  you  not  to  sell  it." 
This  fact  we  had  from  the  lips  of  the 
gentleman  who  gave  this  opinion. 

And  how  can  any  one  think  otherwise 
of  the  sentiments  of  a  man  who,  in  page 
after  page,  represents  Christians  as  the 
enemies  of  humanity,  and  oppressors  of 
their  race?  Who  would  not  suppose  the 
author  of  such  statements  as  the  following, 
to  be  an  infidel? 

"  In  chartism,  in  democracy,  in  socialism, 
there  is  not  necessarily  any  ingredient  of 
infidelity ;  and  yet  in  fact,  we  find  them  to 
a  large  extent  blended  and  travelling  to- 
gether, because  Christians  as  sucli^  and  those 
who  pretend  to  be  such,  have,  without  just 
discrimination,  opposed  every  movement  of 
reform^  as  dangerous  to  society."  (p.  272, 
273.)     That  this  is  a  libel  of  the  worst 


82  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


kind;  we   need  hardly   say.     Exactly  the 

I  «  contrary  is  the  fact.    -J^-^s--^  Ghnstiaafl 

^^jl^^tliat  the  world  is  indebted  for  every  refown 

V  worthy,  of  the  name.     But  why  pause  to 

argue   with   so    reckless   a  denouncer    as 

this?     Does  not  this  look  like  infidelity? 

Now,  after  seeing  what  opinion  our 
author  entertains  of  Christians,  in  general, 
we  would  fain  hope  to  find  him  in  better 
humour  with  the  leaders  of  the  Christian 
army, — the  clergy.  But  if  we  have  any 
such  expectation  as  this,  we  shall  be  sadly 
disappointed.  Now  we  are  bold  in  the 
assertion  that,  if  there  be  an  exemplary  set 
of  men  upon  earth,  it  is  the  protestant 
clergy  of  the  present  day.  "We  appeal  to 
any  one  who  has  taken  an  active  interest 
in  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the 
poor,  for  the  truth  of  this  statement.  In 
the  lanes  and  alleys  of  our  cities  and  sub- 
urbs, by  the  bedsides  of  the  sick  and  dying, 
ministering  to  the  temporal  and  spiritual 
wants  of  the  destitute,  and  the  guilty,  will 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  33 


be  found  the  ministers  of  Christ.  Poorly 
provided  for  themselves ; — often  with  hardly 
enough  to  keep  soul  and  body  together ; — 
yet  even  then  will  they  be  found  parting 
with  their  garments  to  "  clothe  the  naked/' 
and  "dealing  out  their  bread  to  the  hungry." 
Other  men,  however  generally  laborious, 
have  their  seasons  of  rest,  and  their  hours 
of  uninterrupted  ease,  in  the  bosoms  of  their 
families ; — but  the  minister  of  Christ  is,  con- 
stantly, the  "servant  of  men;"  and  in 
sickness,  or  in  health,  in  strength,  or  in 
weariness,  he  is  liable  to  be  summoned, 
at  a  moment's  warning,  to  turn  his  back 
upon  the  comforts  of  home,  and  exercise 
the  duties  of  a  comforter  and  guide,  when, 
perhaps,  he  sadly  feels  the  need  of  consolar 
tion  and  guidance  himself.  This  is  the 
gratuitous  testimony  of  one,  himself  a  lay- 
man, who  claims  to  be  as  good  a  judge  of 
the  matter  as  the  author  of  the  "New 
Themes"  can  be.  That  some  clergymen 
are   recreant   to   their   high   trust,  proves 


34  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


nothing  against  the  general  excellence  of 
the  character  of  their  profession.  Now 
what  is  our  author's  opinion  of  this  noble, 
self-sacrificing,  body  of  men  ?  The  reader 
shall  see  for  himself: — 

"  Now,  whether  we  look  upon  the  whole 
mass  of  those  who  are  regarded  as  Christ's 
ministers,  or  at  those  of  any  particular  de- 
nomination, we  shall  be  equally  at  a  loss 
to  find  any  class  of  them  who  are  imitating 
the  ministry  of  their  Lord  and  Master.  Not 
only  is  there  no  such  class  of  ministers,  but 
it  is  RARE  TO  FIND  ONE  who  walks  in  the 
footsteps  of  Him  whom  he  professes  to 
serve ;  it  is  rare  to  find  one  who  even  com- 
prehends the  scope  of  his  teaching  who 
spake  as  never  man  spake.  The  mass  of 
these  nominal  ministers  of  Christ  aim  con- 
stantly to  maintain  a  position  of  authority 
and  influence,  which  they  have  usurped, 
and  not  only  strive  to  perpetuate,  but  to 
enlarge."  (p.  214,  215.)  ^£  >>  >^-it^/ 

Now  on  reading  such  outrageous  accusa- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY^*'  ETC.  35 


tions  as  the  above,  against  Christians,  and 
Christian  teachers,  who  does  not  feel  in- 
clined to  exclaim  with  David — "Who  is 
this  uncircumcised  Philistine,  that  he  should 
defy  the  armies  of  the  living  God  ?"  Is  this 
Voltaire,  or  Bolingbroke,  or  Paine,  who 
thus  brings  charges  against  Christianity, 
which,  if  true,  would  prove  it  one  of  the 
direst  curses  with  which  the  world  has  ever 
been  afflicted  ?  Is  not  this  almost  the  very 
language  of  the  infamous  editors  of  the 
French  "Encyclopedic,"  who  devoted  their 
energies  to  rooting  Christianity  from  the 
earth ;  who  cast  down  the  altar  of  God, 
and  erected  the  worship  of  Keason  in  their 
"  high  places  ?"  Indeed,  it  is  only  to  the 
most  rabid  infidel  assaults^  that  we  can 
liken  the  "  New  Themes."  The  celebrated 
15th  and  16th  chapters  of  the  "Decline 
and  Fall,"  are  far  less  virulent  than  the 
pages  under  review.  The  author  of  the 
former  work,  would  not  have  dared  to 
make  charges  against   Christianity,  which 


36  A  REVIEW  OP   "new  THEMES 


every  man's  common  sense,  and  common 
observation,  are  sufficient  to  refute.  V  Gib- 
bon writes  so  much  like  a  Christian,  that 
it  is  hard  to  believe  him  an  infidel :  tHe 
author  of  "  New  Themes"  writes  so  much 
like  an  infidel,  that  it  is  hard  to  believe 
him  a  Christian !  Would  any  one  suppose 
that  a  Christian  could  speak  with  such 
shocking  irreverence  (as  in  the  following 
extract)  of  the  cardinal  doctrines  of  the 
Christian's  faith?  "In  all  this  system, 
man  is  mainly  treated  and  regarded  as  a 
lost  sinner,  as  having  fallen  with  his  repre- 
sentative head,  Adam,  in  his  first  transgres- 
sion. Christ  is  mainly  regarded  as  having 
become  incarnate,  as  having  endured  the 
wrath  of  God,  the  scoffs  of  the  Jews,  the 
agony  of  the  garden,  the  degrading  death 
of  the  cross,  and  as  having  thus  suffered  and 
shed  his  blood  as  an  expiatory  sacrifice  for 
the  sins  of  men,  thereby  atoning  for  their 
offences,  and  purchasing  remission  of  their 
offences,  as  having  risen  from  the  grave  on 


37 

the  third  day,  and  ascended  to  the  right  hand 
of  the  Father,  there  to  be  the.  head  of  the 
Church  founded  by  his  incarnation,  cruci- 
fixion, and  resurrection."  (p.  213.)  "Would 
not  any  one  suppose  that  our  author  did 
not  himself  believe  the  doctrines  thus  ar- 
raigned ?  But  he  does  believe  them ;  for  he 
calls  them  "truth."  But  how?  We  al- 
most shudder  to  write  it: — these  blessed 
foundations  of  all  Gospel  light,  and  Gospel 
hope,  which  have  been  the  support  and 
consolation  of  thejeople  of  QgAy  in  all 
ages,  since  they  were  first  sealed  with  the 
Saviour's  blood  on  Calvary, — these  doc- 
trines, our  author  calls  "a  hard  and  bony 
skeleton  of  truth  !"  We  give  his  own  words, 
for  we  are  anxious  to  do  him  entire  justice 
in  the  premises  : — "  But  this  hard  and  bony 
skeleton  of  truth  can  never  be  exalted 
into  Christianity  until  it  is  clothed  with 
desires,  afiections,  kindness,  charity,  love 
to  God,  and  love  to  men.  The  mission  of 
Christ  was  not  merely  incarnation,  death, 


^ 


38  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


resurrection,  mediation,  and   redemption." 
(p.  214.) 

Permit  us  to  ask,  how  this  skeleton  is 
ever  to  be  clothed,  unless  it  be  exhibited  for 
man  s  reception  and  adoption.  And  how 
shall  it  be  exhibited,  but  by  the  media  of 
the  pulpit  and  the  press,  and  by  private  in- 
struction? "How  shall  they  believe  in 
him  of  whom  they  have  not  heard,  and  how 
shall  they  hear  without  a  preacher  ?"  But 
though  the  author  of  "  New  Themes"  seems 
to  speak  so  unlike  St.  Paul,  yet  he  will 
justify  us  for  referring  to  the  latter,  as  final 
authority  in  the  case.  He  tells  us  that,  "it 
pleased  God  by  the  foolishness  of  preach- 
ing," to  save  men.  And  we  must  admit, 
in  spite  of  our  critic's  apparently  low  esti- 
mate of  "  this  hard  and  bony  skeleton  of 
truth,"  that  we  still  prefer  St.  Paul's  old 
themes,  to  our  author's  "  New  Themes." 

But  the  most  remarkable  insult  to  Christ- 
ian men,  and  Christian  teachers,  is  yet  to 
be  exhibited  to  our  readers. 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  39 


About  twenty  years  ago,  there  died  in 
Phila.j  a  very  opulent  merchant,  who  be- 
queathed a  portion  of  his  property  to  the 
city,  in  trust,  for  the  erection  of  a  College 
for  Orphans.  Among  other  provisions  in 
his  will,  was  one  which  forbade  the  admis- 
sion into  the  college  of  Christian  ministers, 
even  as  visitors  for  an  hour.  This  was  felt 
to  be  a  gross  and  gratuitous  insult  to  this 
most  respectable  body  of  men.  To  interdict 
their  agency  as  teachers  in,  or  officers  of,  the 
institution,  one  would  think  to  be  quite 
enough  to  prevent  any  sectarian  leaven 
from  ever  disturbing  the  educational  arrange- 
ments of  the  College : — but  to  go  beyond  this ; 
— to  stigmatize  clergymen  as  a  proscribed  ^/) 
class,  who  because  they  were  God's  servants,  ^^  ^ 
should  never  behold  the  operations  of  man's 
charity — so  far  as  the  founder's  influence 
could  exclude  them — this  was  naturally 
considered  a  most  unprovoked  assault  upon 
Christianity  itself.  Thoughtful  men  could 
not  but  fear  that,  all  the  good  to  be  expect- 


40  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


ed  from  an  institution  which  displayed  such 
an  interdict  on  its  gates,  would  be  over  bal- 
anced by  the  ill  effects  likely  to  be  pro- 
duced in  the  minds  of  the  inmates,  and 
the  public  at  large.  Thousands  of  children 
would  grow  up  with  the  knowledge  that 
it  was  only  necessary  for  an  applicant  for 
an  hour's  admission  into  their  walls,  to  be 
a  Clergyman,  to  be  rigorously  excluded. 
The  applicant  might  be  a  debauchee,  a  mur- 
derer, a  drunkard,  or  an  infidel,  and  the 
gates  flew  open  to  receive  him.  But  if  he 
were  a  minister  of  Jesus  Christ,  the  hum- 
blest menial  in  the  establishment  was  em- 
powered, nay  obliged,  to  shut  the  door  in 
his  face.  Could  the  wit  of  man,  or  infidel 
man,  "  wise  to  do  evil,"  devise  a  better  plan 
to  undermine  Christianity  than  this? 
Would  not  the  youthful  student  naturally 
argue,  "  my  benefactor  was  a  wise  man, 
for  he  made  his  millions  in  the  active  com- 
petition of  life;  he  was  a  good  man,  for 
he  bequeathed  some   of  these  millions  to 


ETC.  41 

provide  me  a  home  and  education ;  and  it 
seems  that  his  wisdom  and  his  goodness  both 
taught  him  that,  a  minister  of  Christ  was 
unworthy  even  to  enter  the  threshold  of 
his  college.  If  Christian  ministers  be  so\^^^ 
bad,  or  so  untrustworthy,  a  set  of  men,  )a^«a- 
Christianity  must  have  made  them  so.*^ 
And  thus  this  youthful  reasoner  enters  the 
world,  already  half  convinced  that  Christian 
ministers  are  an  evil,  and  that  Christianity 
is  an  imposture.  This  argument  is  an 
unsound  one ;  for  we  see  not  why  a  man 
should  be  esteemed  either  good  or  charita- 
ble for  giving  any  particular  direction  to 
wealth  which  he  has  no  longer  the  power 
to  retain.  But  even  men  are  not  generally 
close  reasoners :  still  less  can  we  expect 
logical  deductions  from  children.  So  much 
was  the  late  Bishop  White  (a  man  whose 
praise  is  in  all  memories)  impressed  with 
these  considerations,  that  he  deemed  it  his 
duty  to  publish  a  letter  to  the  Councils  of 

4* 


42  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


the  city  of  Philadelphia,  warning  them  of 
the  evil  consequence  to  be  apprehended 
from  the  acceptance  of  the  trust,  and  urg- 
ing its  rejection.  Nay,  so  evident  were  the 
infidel  tendencies  of  the  prospective  insti- 
tution, that  the  Hon.  Danl.  Webster,  acting 
for  some  of  the  connexions  of  the  deviser, 
made  a  powerful  argument  before  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States,  in  favour 
of  declaring  the  bequest  null  and  void,  on 
the  very  grounds  that  its  acceptance  and 
execution  were  unconstitutional,  because 
anti-  Christian,  And  yet,  melancholy  to  re- 
late, we  find  this  avowed  Christian,  the 
author  of  "New  Themes,"  instead  of 
sharing  in  the  indignation  which  we  should 
suppose  a  Christian  would  feel  at  such  an 
insult  to  Christians,  and  such  a  stab  to 
Christianity,  we  find  him  actually  triumph- 
ing over  the  insulted  clergymen  as  fol- 
lows: 

"  Take  the  case  of  Stephen  Girard.    We 
hear  there  is  a  feeling  of  resentment  among 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  43 


many  of  the  clergy  of  Pennsylvania,* 
coupled  with  branding  him  always  as  an  in- 
fidel, for  his  exclusion  of  their  order  from 
his  college  of  orphans.  We  know  nothing 
more  of  Girard's  reasons  beyond  what  he 
says,  nor  of  his  religious  sentiments,  but  on 
the  face  of  the  transaction  there  is  every 
reason  why  the  clergy  should  bow  in  anguish 
before  an  event  which  speaks  so  loud  a  re- 
proach to  their  order.  That  a  man  who 
could  conceive  so  vast  a  project  of  charity 
towards  children,  the  most  favoured  class 
under  the  dispensation  of  mercy  ;  that  one 
who  could  so  approximate  the  spirit  of  the 
apostle's  declaration, — '  Pure  religion  and 
undefiled  before  God  and  the  Father  is  this, 
to  visit  the  fatherless  and  the  widows  in 
their  affliction,'  (James  1:  27;)  that  one 
who  knew  the  world  so  well,  and  had  lived 

*  We  have  heard  many  of  the  clergy  speak  upon  this 
subject,  and  never  heard  an  angry  or  resentful  word 
from  the  lips  of  one  of  them  upon  this  theme. — Re- 
viewer. 


44  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


in  it  so  long,  and  desired  that  the  orphans 
taken  in  charge  should  be  taught  '  the 
purest  princijples  of  morality,  so  that,  on 
their  entrance  into  active  life,  they  may, 
from  inclination  and  habit,  evince  benevo- 
lence towards  their  fellow-creatures,  and  a 
love  of  truth,  sobriety,  and  industry,' — 
should  not  be  willing  to  commit  this  teach- 
ing to  the  clergy,  or  to  their  supervision,  or 
even  to  their  occasional  inspection,  should 
rather  justify  self-distrust  and  apprehension 
than  a  tone  of  reproach  or  condemnation." 
(p.  275.) 

We  must  again  remind  our  readers  (for 
they  may  easily  be  excused  for  forgetting  it) 
that  the  author  of  this  paragraph  is  an 
avowed  believer  in  Christianity.  It  will  be 
seen  that  he  can  justify  what  we  haVe  never 
before  heard  justified,  even  by  those  who 
are  entirely  indifferent  to  the  interests  of 
religion.  Our  author  says,  he  "  knows  no- 
thing of  Mr.  Girard's  religious  sentiments." 
We  marvel  at  this;  for  we  thought  they 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  45 


were  very  well  known  in  Mr.  Girard's  life- 
time. But  is  not  the  very  extract  which  he 
gives,  a  sufficient  indication  of  Mr.  Girard's 
religious  opinions  ?  Is  it  not  the  very  es- 
sence of  infidelity,  to  cashier  religious  faith, 
and  religious  motives,  and  expect  men  to 
exercise  the  moral  motives,  from  "educa- 
tion, inclination,  and  habit  ?"  Does  not  our 
author  here  contrast  Mr.  Girard's  character 
favourably  with  that  of  the  Christian  min- 
isters who  are  excluded  from  his  college  ? 
And  yet  we  presume  he  must  know  that 
Mr.  Girard,  so  far  from  being  a  Christian, 
lived  in  notorious  neglect  of  Christian 
duties,  of  public  worship,  and  of  the  ob- 
servance of  that  day  of  rest  and  devotion, 
which  even  worldly  men  have  agreed  to  re- 
spect. We  do  not  see  why  we  should  hesi- 
tate to  speak  of  that  which  Mr.  Girard's 
habitual  conduct  so  loudly  proclaimed.  If 
this  admirer  of  Mr.  Girard  is  ignorant  as  to 
his  religious  sentiments,  he  need  not  long 
remain  in  ignorance.     There  are  plenty  of 


46  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


our  more  elderly  citizens  who  can  enlighten 
him  on  this  subject.  Does  that  man  make 
any  secret  of  his  religious  opinions,  who 
names  his  ships,  "  Voltaire,"  "  Kousseau," 
and  "  Helvetius  ?"  His  own  relatives  have 
not  hesitated  to  let  us  know  what  they 
thought  of  his  religious  opinions,  when  they 
have  dragged  his  will  before  the  supreme 
tribunal  of  his  country,  for  condemnation 
and  abolishment,  as  the  will  of  an  infidel, 
and  a  foe  to  Christianity. 

We  can  award  no  great  credit  to  Mr. 
Girard  for  this  much-lauded  disposal  of  a 
portion  of  his  worldly  wealth.  Whether 
the  country  will  ever  be  a  gainer  by  it, 
remains  Jo  be  seen. 

Certain  we  are  that,  from  the  above,  and 
foregoing,  extracts,  no  one  would  suppose 
that,  in  our  author's  opinion,  faith  in  the 
merits  of  a  Kedeemer  and  sanctification  of 
heart,  were  requisite  to  salvation,  and  the 
only  reliable  foundations  of  private  and 
public  morality. 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  47 


CHAPTER  II. 

If  our  author  be  anxious  to  pass  for  a 
friend  of  Christianity,  he  must  be  singularly 
unfortunate  in  expressing  himself.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  instance,  before  narrated,  of 
an  eminent  authority's  advising  a  book- 
seller not  to  dispose  of  "  New  Themes,"  we 
have  heard  of  two  other  concurrent  in- 
stances, proving  that  we  are  not  alone  in 
our  impression  of  the  appearance  and  tend- 
ency of  the  book. 

One  publisher  remarked  to  the  writer, 
"I  observe  that  infidels  generally  take  that 
book:" — And  no  wonder,  we  thought,  for 
it  will  help  their  cause  more  than  their 
own  efforts  could  ever  do.  The  other  case 
referred  to  was  this  :  one  of  the  largest  pub- 
lishers in  an  adjoining  city,  on  having  his 
attention    called   to   "New   Themes,"    re- 


48  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


marked,  "  I  have  seen  that  book ;  a  number 
of  copies  were  sent  to  me ;  but,  on  looking 
over  it,  I  thought  that  it  was  written  by  an 
infidel,  and  sent  the  copies  back."  Now  we 
are  satisfied  that  the  book  was  written  by  a 
Christian,  and  one  of  exemplary  life  and 
conversation.  But  had  we  only  his  book 
to  judge  by,  we  should  have  come  to  a  far 
difierent  conclusion. 

What  is  the  favourite  course  adopted  by 
infidels,  to  undermine  the  authority  of  the 
Scriptures?  Is  it  not  by  endeavouring  to 
abolish  all  written  creeds,  and  theological 
formularies  ?  A  more  bitter  enemy  to 
creeds  we  have  never  encountered.  Who 
would  expect  such  language  from  a  Chris- 
tian, as  follows  ?  Speaking  of  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  last  judgment,  he  says : 

"  There  is  here  nothing  about  church- 
es, creeds,  confessions,  catechisms,  prayer 
books;  nothing  of  theology,  faith,  or  doc- 
trine." (p.  40).  Does  the  author  mean  we 
are  to  do  away  with  all  these  things?     If 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  49 


not,  we  see  no  pertinence  in  his  language. 
It  is  evident  that  "  works"  must  be  the  test 
on  that  great  occasion.  He  says  of  protest- 
ants  :  "  They  have,  almost  without  excep- 
tion, exalted  their  own  creeds,  catechisms, 
confessions,  liturgies,  and  forms  of  service 
above  the  precepts  of  their  Master."  &c.  (p. 
154,  155.)  Is  this  true  ?  Again :  "  This 
tendency  [to  enlarge  or  restrict  the  bounds 
of  revelation]  is  displayed  in  later  times, 
in  the  adoption  of  creeds,  articles  and  con- 
fessions of  faith,  prayer-books,  catechisms, 
and  such  formularies."  (p.  229.)  Let  us 
here  ask — how  is  the  Bible  to  be  taught, 
and  how  are  Christians  to  be  united  in  the 
reception  of  the  ordinances  of  the  Bible,  with- 
out creeds  and  formularies?  "  The  Bible," 
as  Chillingworth  well  says,  "  is  the  mean- 
ing of  the  Bible."  Must  not  all  church 
associations  be  at  once  broken  up,  unless 
men  can  agree  upon  some  points  of  union? 
But,  if  we  understand  our  author,  the  loss 
of   churches   and   religious   bodies,    would 

5 


50  A  REVIEW  OP  "new  THEMES 


prove  a  benefit,  rather  than  an  injury,  to 
mankind.  Our  Christian  author's  great 
delight  seems  to  be,  to  render  as  guilty  and 
contemptible  as  he  can,  the  character  of 
his  fellow  Christians.  In  page  128,  we 
are  told  how  far  inferior  Christians  are  to 
the  men  of  the  world. 

"The  whole  expenditure  of  Protestant 
congregations  of  almost  every  denomina- 
tion, for  every  purpose,  religious  and  philan- 
thropic, is  derived  in  a  large  degree,  from 
those  who  are  not  acknowledged  to  be  real 
disciples  of  Christ." 

Such  a  statement  as  this,  would  be  amus- 
ing, were  not  graver  feeling  engendered  by 
such  assertions;  but  we  have  more  of  the 
same  kind.  "It  is  farther  to  be  noted  that 
very  many  of  the  benevolent  and  Chris- 
tian enterprises  of  the  day  are  in  fact  more 
indebted  to  the  liberality  of  men  not  pro- 
fessing to  be  Christians,  than  to  those  who 
are."  (p.  263,  264.)  Now  to  seriously 
deny  such  statements  as  these,  would   be 


FOR  tHE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  51 


trifling  with  our  readers.  But  the  poor 
Christian  is  not  yet  discharged  from  the 
pillory  and  the  lash :  if  our  author  can 
possibly  add  another  stroke,  he  is  sure  to 
inflict  it,  and  so,  as  above,  Christians  are 
stated  to  be  worse  than  men  of  the  world, 
a  little  farther  on,  they  are  declared  to  be 
worse  even  than  infidels :  and  of  all  the 
motley  crew  of  blasphemers  against  God  and 
his  Christ,  whom  has  this  avowed  Christian 
selected,  as  presenting  a  favourable  contrast 
to  his  fellow  disciples  ?  Who  but  the  infix- 
mous  Tom  Paine !  But  listen  :  "  To  go  no 
farther  back  than  Paine,  a  long  list  of  men 
might  be  formed  whose  zeal  for  humanity 
made  them  infidels,  or  whose  infidelity  begot 
their  zeal  for  human  welfare.  In  general 
these  men  were  not  ignorant  of,  and  could 
not  be  blind  to  the  claims  of  Christianity, 
upon  a  survey  of  all  history  since  its  ad- 
vent, to  being  considered  the  greatest  bene- 
factor of  mankind  the  world  has  ever 
known.  *  *  They  find  Christians  arrayed 


52  A  REVIEW  OF  ^'NEW  THEMES 


against  their  plans  and  they  immediately 
array  themselves  against  Christianity."  (p. 
267.)     This  rather  caps  the  climax. 

Our  readers  have  probably,  before  this, 
suspected  the  "  Socialist"  tendencies  of  the 
volume.  We  have  pretty  clear  indications 
of  them  on  page  242  : 

"  The  doctrine  that  property,  real  and  per- 
sonal, must,  under  all  circumstances  remain 
inviolate,  always  under  the  ever  watchful 
vigilance  of  the  law,  and  its  invaders  sub- 
ject to  the  severest  penalties  of  dungeon  or 
damages,  may  be  very  essential  to  the 
maintenance  of  our  present  social  system, 
but  totally  disregards  the  consideration  that 
labour,  the  poor  man's  capital,  his  only 
property  should,  as  his  only  means  of  secur- 
ing a  comfortable  subsistence,  be  also  under 
the  special  care  and  safeguard  of  the  law." 
Would  our  author  prefer  a  "social  system" 
which  would  not  hold  property,  real  and 
personal  inviolate? 

The  contradictions  and  inconsistencies  of 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  63 


the  critic  are  so  frequent,  that  it  is  often 
difficult  to  ascertain  what  his  real  opinions 
are.  Let  us  quote  some  instances.  We 
have  seen  above,  what  he  says  against  theo- 
logy, creeds,  &c.  yet,  to  our  surprise,  we  find 
such  sentiments  as  these: 

"  It  is  his  duty  to  supply  himself  with  all 
the  help  he  can  both  from  books  and  living 
teachers"  (p.  42) .  That  is  in  the  study  of  the 
Scriptures :  now,  unless  some  make  theology 
their  study,  how  can  any  helps  be  afforded 
to  those  who  desire  to  study  the  Scriptures  ? 
What  respect  is  due  to  the  opinions  of  a 
writer — nay,  how  shall  we  ascertain  what 
are  the  opinions  of  a  writer — who,  on  page 
59 ,  reprobates  Theological  studies  on  this 
wise — "  What  do  wa  see  then  in  Christ- 
endom? *  *  a  vast  accumulation  of 
duties  to  be  performed;  *  *  of  doc- 
trines to  be  understood  and  believed;  of 
traditions,  glosses,  comments,  explanations : 
a    vast    array    of   biblical    learning    and 

5* 


54  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


criticism  in  which  every  word  is  examined^ 
weighed,  and  defined.  We  have  creeds, 
confessions,  liturgies,  prayer-books,  cate- 
chisms, forms  and  platforms  of  faith  and 
discipline"  &c.  and  then,  on  page  136,  eats 
his  own  words  thus :  "  We  mean  not  to 
urge  any  objections  to  theology  in  itself, 
nor  to  deny  that  our  spiritual  teachers 
should  be  versed  in  such  knowledge.  They 
may  by  such  learning  be  more  thoroughly 
furnished  to  every  good  work,  and  be  en- 
abled to  prosecute  their  labours  with  more 
entire  success  among  all  classes  of  men." 
So  that  it  is  well,  after  all,  that  we  did  not 
give  our  Theological  libraries  at  once  to  the 
flames^  after  perusal  of  the  preceding  pages : 
— ^but  not  so  fast;  for,  at  page  212,  Theology 
is  again  cashiered :  "  A  system  of  technical 
divinity  has  been  constructed  which  rivals 
in  complexity  all  the  machinery  of  the 
Eomish  Church.  From  this  system  by  a 
series  of  strainings,  condensations,  and  ex- 
tractions, they   have    produced   the   cate- 


'%-': 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  55 


chisms^  guides,  and  various  formularies  of 
the  different  churches." 

And  this  is  a  fair  specimen  of  the  mosaic 
fabric  of  the  whole  work  : — Statements,  and 
counter-statements;  affirmatives,  and  nega- 
tives, upon  the  same  questions,  over  and 
over  again.  Is  a  writer  of  this  loose,  ram- 
bling, illogical,  cast  of  mind,  competent  to 
handle  questions  of  political  economy, 
which  have  puzzled  the  wisest  heads  ?  We 
must  admit  that,  on  one  point,  the  writer 
is  generally  consistent  with  himself;  and 
that  is,  in  his  lavish  abuse  of  ministers  of 
Christ  and  Christians  at  large.  He  may 
lose  sight  of  other  game,  which  he  has  started, 
or  he  may  occasionally  relent  at  his  own 
severity,  and,  as  in  the  above  instance, 
when  theology  is  almost  expiring  under  the 
knife,  a  reviving  cordial  may  be  adminis- 
tered, which,  for  a  time,  restores  anima- 
tion, again  to  be  suspended,  in  a  few  pages 
farther  on,  by  another  cruel  blow.  But  for 
the  poor  Christian,  there  is  neither  rest  nor 


56  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


security.  For  him  the  tomahawk  and  the 
scalping  knife  are  always  ready,  and  through 
the  fog  and  the  mist,  the  marsh  and  the 
mire,  of  a  thick,  not  to  say  heavy,  volume, 
the  chase  is  maintained,  with  a  keen  relish, 
which  Hamlet  denominates,  a  "feeling  of 
the  business."  Yet  let  us  not  deny  to  the 
credit  of  our  author's  better  feelings,  that, 
after  his  victim  has  been  hunted  to  the 
death,  after  he  has  been  "hanged,  drawn  and 
quartered,"  some  compunctious  visitings  are 
evinced  in  such  sentences  as  the  following : 
"  We  know  that  very  many,  in  all  ages  of 
Christianity,  have  distinguished  themselves 
far  above  the  errors  of  their  respective 
churches.  No  church  has  more  to  boast  in 
this  respect  than,  that  of  England.  It  is 
well  that  the  eternal  welfare  of  the  members 
does  not  depend  on  the  character  of  the 
Church  to  which  they  may  belong.  If  so, 
what  church  or  sect  could  save  its  mem- 
bers ?  not  one ! — but  least,  of  all,  perhaps,  the 
Church  of  England"  (p.  148,  149.)     It  will 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  57 


be  perceived  that^  our  critic  here  contrasts 
the  character  of  the  churchy  with  the  charac- 
ter of  the  members  of  the  church;  and  yet, 
only  13  pages  farther  on,  he  tells  us:  "But 
whatever  may  be  said  of  the  guilt  of  the 
Church,  if  a  church  can  be  guilty,  the  respon- 
sibility lies  upon  its  members.  They  are 
the  real  stewards,  to  whom  the  various  tal- 
ents are  committed  for  which  account  will  be 
rendered  at  the  coming  of  our  Lord."  Now 
what  composes  a  church  but  the  members 
of  a  church  ? 

Our  author  blames  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land for  not,  as  he  thinks,  providing  ade- 
quately for  the  poor:  "Whatever  may  be 
said  of  the  wisdom  or  the  mercy  or  the 
statesmanship  displayed  in  the  treatment  of 
English  poor,  the  whole  constitutes  such  a 
disgrace  to  the  established  Church  and  to 
Protestantism,  as  can  never  be  adequately 
characterized.  During  three  centuries,  she 
has  shut  her  eyes  from  beholding,  and  shut 
her  ears  from  hearing,  and  withheld  her 


58  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


hands  from  removing  the  woes  of  ten  gene- 
rations of  increasing  millions  of  suffering 
poor."  (p.  143,  144.)  Has  our  author  the 
hardihood  to  seriously  make  such  charges 
as  this,  and  many  others  of  like  kind? 
But  mark  his  inconsistency!  After  thus 
blaming  the  church  for  not  doing  this,  he 
goes  on  to  assert,  on  page  161,  that  it  is  not 
the  duty  of  the  church  to  do  it. — "The 
truth  is,  the  work  of  the  real  disciples  of 
Christ  must  be  performed  by  them  indi- 
vidually, and  not  by  the  Church."  Again : 
'^  Nor  can  that  love  of  men  ever  dwell  in  a 
corporation  or  ecclesiastical  organization 
which  should  glow  in  the  bosom  of  indi- 
vidual Christians.  It  was  not  so  intended, 
and  is  not  so  inculcated."  (p.  162.)  Then 
why  should  the  Church  of  England  be 
blamed  for  not  doing  that,  which  it  was  not 
^4n tended"  nor  "inculcated"  it  should  do? 
We  have  too  good  an  opinion  of  the  intelli- 
gence of  our  readers,  to  think  it  necessary 
to   confute,  at   any  length,  the   sweeping 


/  ^"iJ'GR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.-  59 

charges  thus  made  against  the  Church  of 
England.  Yet,  hereafter,  we  shall  have 
occasion  to  notice  our  author's  strictures 
upon  British  Pauperism,  when  we  shall  re- 
view the  preceding  remarks.  But  let  us 
here  ask,  how  our  critic  can  possibly  know 
the  truth  of  such  charges  as  these :  ''  What 
is  not  deemed  the  duty  of  the  Church,  has 
ceased  to  be  regarded  as  the  duty  of  indi- 
viduals." (p.  149.)  "  The  poor  are  regarded 
as  a  burden  upon  society,  to  be  diminished 
or  got  rid  of  by  any  course  short  of  murder. 
They  are  not  deemed  to  have  any  claims  as 
fellow  men  or  fellow  Christians,  in  a  Christ- 
ian land.  *  *  This  is  the  English  feeling 
in  regard  to  the  poor."  (p.  150.)  Is  it  not 
possible  that  the  members  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  other  British  Christians,  are, 
and  have  always,  been  engaged  in  amelio- 
rating the  condition,  and  supplying  the 
necessities,  of  the  poor?  Can  our  author 
Jcnow  that  there  is  no  such  benevolence  in 
existence?     Is  it  not  possible  that  Mr.  A. 


60  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


relieves  one  or  more  families,  by  his  alms, 
and  may  not  Mr.  B.,  Mr.  C,  and  ten  thou- 
sands of  others,  be  so  employed,  for  all  that 
our  critic  knows  to  the  contrary?  How 
does  he  know  but  that.  Christians,  in  their 
individual  capacity,  are  continually  carry- 
ing out  the  very  principle  he  recommends, 
of  personal  visitation  and  private  relief  of 
the  poor?  If  they  are  so  engaged,  would 
they  think  it  necessary  to  send  document- 
ary evidence  of  the  fact,  to  the  unknown 
author  of  the  "New  Themes?"  Does  our 
censurer  profess  to  be  informed  of  the  pri- 
vate benefactions,  and  visitations  to  indi- 
gence, of  even  his  next  door  neighbour? 
Can  he  tell  what  is  done  in  his  own  street, 
or  neighbourhood,  or  city  ?  How  much  less, 
then,  can  he  constantly  supervise  the  doings 
of  many  millions  of  people  in  Great  Britain ! 
We  have  said  that,  our  author  cannot  tell 
what  is  doing,  even  in  his  own  neighbour- 
hood, and  city;  and  we  now  proceed  to  give 
a  striking  proof  of  his  ignorance  on  this 


61 

point.  Speaking  of  "the  responsibilities  of 
Christians  in  the  United  States,  in  regard 
to  the  suffering  classes/'  he  says :  "  Have  we 
not  among  us  those  who  are  hungry,  and 
require  to  be  fed ;  those  that  are  naked,  and 
require  to  be  clothed ;  those  that  are  fainting 
with  thirst  that  require  a  cup  of  cold  water ; 
those  that  are  sick  and  in  prison  and  re- 
quire to  be  visited  ?  Alas !  how  many  poor 
are  already  among  us,  and  how  fearfully  the 
numbers  are  increasing!  And  what  has 
been  done  for  them  by  American  Christians 
upon  whom  their  Master  has  heaped  such 
bounteous  favours."  (p.  173.)  Certainly 
the  inference  here  is  that,  little  or  nothing 
is  done  by  American  Christians,  for  the  poor. 
Now  let  us  examine  a  little  into  this  matter. 
Let  us  take  the  author's  own  latitude  (not  in 
assertions!  this  requires  more  hardihood 
than  we  can  summon)  Philadelphia,  and  its 
environs,  and  endeavour  to  form  an  estimate 
of  what  some  few  Christians  in  Philadel- 
phia, are  doing  for  the  poor.     In  addition 


62  A  EEVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


to  the  vast  sum  of  $189,000  distributed 
to  the  poor,  by  the  public  authorities,  in 
1851,  of  which  Christians,  of  course,  con- 
tribute a  large  proportion,  there  are  in 
Philadelphia,  upon  a  moderate  estimate, 
two  hundred  charitable  societies  conducted 
by  private  agency;  (of  which,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  are  directly  connected  with 
Christian  churches;)  whose  duty  it  is  to 
"  clothe  the  naked,"  and  provide  for  the 
destitute.  We  have  reason  to  believe  that, 
at  least  twelve  thousand  poor  children  (we 
do  not  include  those  who  belong  to  the 
"better  off"  classes)  are  weekly  gathered 
together  on  Sunday,  for  religious  instruc- 
tion. It  is  probably  much  within  bounds 
to  say  that,  five  thousand  five  hundred 
male  and  female  visitors  are  employed, 
more  or  less,  in  visiting  the  lanes  and 
alleys  of  our  city  and  suburbs,  ministering 
to  the  temporal  and  spiritual  wants  of  the 
poor.  In  one  case,  alone,  more  than  two 
hundred  ladies  divide  the  city  and  suburbs 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  63 


into  sections,  and  appoint  visitors,  whose 
self-imposed  duty  it  is,  to  visit  every  dwell- 
ing where  the  existence  of  poverty  is  known, 
or  suspected.  These  excellent  women  not 
only  relieve  immediate  wants,  but  give 
counsel,  calculated  to  improve  the  house- 
keeping of  the  improvident,  or  uninstructed. 
Neglected  children  are  brought  into  schools ; 
intemperate  parents  are  urged  to  abstain 
from  the  intoxicating  cup;  the  duty  of 
public  worship,  and  the  claims  of  Christ- 
ianity, are  enforced  upon  the  minds  of 
the  poor.  For  the  young,  places  of  profit- 
able industry  are  provided;  and  the  infir- 
mities of  age  are  rendered  more  tolerable, 
by  the  hand  of  charity,  and  the  voice  of 
compassion.  These  ladies,  during  the  year 
ending  Oct.  21,  1851,  had  under  their 
charge  856  families;  they  made  7,200  visits 
to  the  abodes  of  indigence ;  they  "  clothed 
the  naked,"  by  the  donation  of  3,337  gar- 
ments. There  can  be  no  objection  urged 
here  against  interested  agents ;  nothing  said 


64  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


against  "Societies;" — for,  be  it  noted,  all 
the  labourers  referred  to  above,  are  perform- 
ing a  self  imposed  duty.  So  far  from  re- 
ceiving any  pecuniary  reward,  they  are 
always  liable  to  calls  upon  their  own  means, 
to  relieve  the  destitute.  If  their  associated 
character  displease  our  author,  let  them 
be  considered  in  the  light  of  individuals, 
each  working  in  his  or  her  own  sphere,  and 
thus  fulfilling  their  duty  however  those  who 
help  to  provide  the  means  expended,  may 
be  neglecting  theirs.  And  thus  we  answer 
our  critic's  insulting  query  "  What  are 
Christians  doing?"  They  are  doing  this, 
and  they  are  doing  much  more ;  and  if  he 
be  ignorant  of  such  operations,  going  on  per- 
haps within  a  square  of  his  own  door,  what 
can  be  the  amount  of  his  experience  among 
the  poor?  But  we  have  referred  to  but  a 
very  small  portion  of  what  Christians  are 
doing  in  Philadelphia,  for  the  poor.  Does 
our  author  know  a  single  Christian  family 
of  his  acquaintance,  whose  master  or  mis- 


ETC.  65 

tress  is  not,  more  or  less,  in  the  habit  of 
visiting  the  abodes  of  the  poor?  Let  us 
give  him  a  little  more  insight  into  the  phi- 
lanthropic history  of  his  own  city.  He 
speaks  of  neglected  prisoners :  "  Have  we 
not  among  us  those  that  are  sick  and  in 
prison,  and  require  to  be  visited?"  (p.  173.) 
Is  he  aware  that  there  has  existed  in 
Philadelphia,  for  more  than  eighty  years, 
a  society  for  alleviating  the  miseries  of 
public  prisons,  of  which  the  late  Bishop 
White  was,  for  forty-nine  years,  president? 
Does  he  know  that  that  society,  besides 
being  the  parent  of  improved  prison  disci- 
pline throughout  the  world, — lauded  by 
Howard,  and  followed  in  England, — has 
at  all  times  employed  in  our  prisons,  a 
band  of  men,  who  labour  to  cheer  the  lonely 
convict's  cell,  and  reconcile  him  to  that 
society  which  he  has  injured,  and  to  that 
God  whom,  too  often,  he  has  forsaken,  and 
almost  forgotten  ?  Does  our  author  never 
meet  with  these  men  in  the  prisons  ?     And 

6* 


66 

does  he  never  encounter  the  visitors  of  the 
poor,  when  he  takes  his  round  among  the 
hovels   of  the    destitute?     He  says   that: 
"  If  the  preacher  and  people  in  our  rich  and 
well   ordered   congregations   were,   in   the 
midst   of  the   gravest   sermon/'    suddenly 
brought  to  a  sense   of  their  duty  that  they 
"would  rush  in  a  mass,  preacher  and  people, 
from  their  splendid  edifice,  to  the   courts 
and  alleys  and   cellars,  to  the   abodes  of 
destitution,  ignorance  crime  and  suffering." 
(p.  199,  200.)     Now,  if  he  attend  church, 
which,  indeed,  would  be  highly  inconsistent 
with  the  spirit  of  the  above  comments,  is 
he  not  aware  that  he  is,  perhaps,  surrounded 
with  those  who   have  been  employed  in 
such  visitation,  during  the  week,  and  who 
have  wearied  themselves  in  the  Sabbath 
School,  by  instructing  ignorant  children  in 
the  way  of  salvation  ?  Has  he  not  met  with 
such  visitors  in  the  abodes  of  the  poor,  during 
the  week?     Has  he  not  met  such  teachers 
in  the  Sabbath   School — languishing,  per- 
haps, for  want  of  male  instructors? 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  67 


Had  we  space  and  time,  we  could  exhibit 
a  statement  of  what  is  accomplished,  in 
various  ways,  for  the  poor,  in  the  United 
States,  which  would  surprise  those  who  have 
not  paid  attention  to  the  subject.  In  New 
York,  our  largest  city,  it  is  computed  that 
one  of  every  seven  receives  aid  from  his  or 
her  fellow  citizens. 

Let  us  note,  whilst  upon  this  subject, 
another  instance  of  our  author  s  many  in- 
consistencies. If  his  exhortations  mean 
any  thing,  they  advocate  the  giving  of 
money  for  charitable  purposes.  Yet  he 
blames  those  who  advocate  the  same  thing, 
and  endeavour  to  increase  the  amount  of 
benefactions  to  these  and  kindred  objects  ! 

On  page  131,  he  tells  us:  "A  man  may 
occupy  a  respectable  position  in  the  Church, 
and  in  the  society  around  it,  if  he  contri- 
butes liberally,  when  called  upon,  to  all 
the  numerous  demands  which  religious  and 
charitable  associations  make  upon  him." 
Now  we  should   suppose   it  would  please 


68  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


our  author,  that  men  could  be  made  to  see 
the  propriety  of  contributing  liberally  to 
good  objects.  But  not  so  :  it  is  very  hard 
to  please  our  critic ; — for  he  goes  on  to  say : 
^'  It  would  be  hard  to  conjecture  how  much 
of  the  money  levied  in  this  way  would  be 
got,  if  it  were  left  to  flow  in  solely  by  the 
spontaneous  movements  of  the  contribu- 
tors. Certainly  a  very  small  portion." 
How  does  he  know  this?  How  can  he 
prove,  or  what  right  has  he  to  suppose,  that 
any  of  this  money,  thus  contributed,  is 
given  unwillingly?  Or,  supposing  that 
men  are  induced,  by  persuasives,  to  see 
more  clearly  the  duty  of  giving,  than  they 
would  otherwise  do,  is  not  this  well  ?  Is 
not  this  the  very  object  of  the  author's 
book — to  complain  of  insufficient  alms,  and 
to  urge  their  increase  ?  How  long  would 
the  world  have  been  without  a  Saviour, 
had  it  been  left  to  the  '^spontaneous  move- 
ments" of  men  to  have  sent  for  him? 
This  is  an  inconsistency.     But  our  author 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  69 


seems  to  have  a  suicidal  facility  of  running 
from  bad  to  worse,  and  so  on  pages  132, 
133,  still  pursuing  the  same  "New  Thei]^/' 
we  have  the  following  remarkable — no, 
not  "  remarkable,"  after  what  we  have  seen ; 
— the  following  contradiction : 

"  We  protest  against  Christianity  being 
made  responsible  for  this  mode  of  operation 
whatever  of  good  or  evil  may  be  the  re- 
sult. It  is  rather  an  excrescence  fastened 
upon  Christianity  by  human  frailty,  and  be- 
ing so  attached  it  is  regarded  by  too  many 
beholders  who  take  not  the  trouble  to  ex- 
amine as  a  part  of  the  Christian  system. 
Let  the  probe  be  freely  applied,  and  it  will 
be  found  this  excrescence  is  no  part  of  the 
system  which  it  overshadows,  conceals,  and 
deforms."  Now  if  we  know  what  censure 
is,  this  is  strong  censure ;  and  jet,  to  our 
wonder,  we  are  told  in  the  very  next 
page : —  "  We  would  not  condemn,  we 
would  not  discourage  this  kind  of  effort; 
it  may  lead  some  to  think  they  are  fulfill- 


70  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


ing  all  their  Christian  duties,  and  thus  lead 
them  astray;  but  the  general  tendency 
must  be  to  open  the  channels  of  good  affec- 
tions, to  liberalize  the  mind,  and  to  strength- 
en benevolent  emotions."  Surely,  this  is 
strange  reasoning !  It  is  an  "  excrescence" 
of  "human  frailty," — yet  he  would  not 
"condemn"  it; — it  "conceals  and  deforms 
Christianity," — but  he  will  not  "  too  much 
disparage"  it ; — may  lead  men  "  astray," — 
but  he  will  not  "  discourage"  it !  This  is  of  a 
piece  with  the  blame  attached  to  the  Church 
of  England,  for  not  doing  what,  we  ^  are 
shortly  after  assured,  it  was  not  "  intended 
nor  inculcated"  that  she  should  do.  The 
old  man  in  the  fable,  who  found  it  so  hard 
to  please  the  three  travellers,  with  the  dis- 
position of  his  mule,  his  son,  and  his  burden, 
would,  at  once,  have  thrown  up  his  hands 
in  utter  despair,  if,  instead  of  three  object- 
ors, he  had  found  the  three  contradictory 
objections  united  in  the  person  of  one 
man! 


ETC.  71 


CHAPTER    III. 

Let  us  now  consider,  as  briefly  as  pos- 
sible, the  subject  of  pauperism,  jper  se; 
which  is  the  principal  theme  of  our  author, 
and,  indeed,  the  substratum  of  the  whole 
work.  The  causes  of  pauperism,  we  shall 
consider  hereafter.  How,  by  what  in- 
strumentality, shall  the  poor  be  relieved, 
is  the  question  now  to  be  inquired  into. 
Our  author  is  of  the  opinion  that,  the  poor 
are  to  be  visited  and  relieved  at  their  own 
homes.  That  this  is  true,  to  some  ex-- 
tent ; — that  some  should  remain  at  home, 
and  be  relieved  at  home,  we  grant.  That 
this  can  generally  be  the  case ; — under 
such  conditions  as  English  pauperism  pre- 
sents, for  instance, — we  deny.  Our  author 
also  insists  that,  the  poor  are  to  be  visited 
by  Christians,  each   acting  on  his  or  her 


72  A  EEVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


own  responsibility.  1.  This  work  is  not 
to  be  done  by  the  Church  :  "  The  truth  is, 
the  work  of  the  real  disciples  of  Christ 
must  be  performed  by  them  individually, 
and  not  by  the  Church."  (p.  161). 

2.  It  is  not  to  be  done  by  the  public 
authorities :  "American  Christians  *  *  have, 
as  in  England  since  the  Reformation,"  turn- 
ed over  the  poor  "to  the  public  authori- 
ties." "Christians,  as  such,  have  thus  re- 
pudiated their  highest  obligations."  (p.  173.) 

3.  It  is  not  to  be  done  by  delegation,  or 
by  societies :  "  Protestants  fulfil  their  chari- 
ties, not  personally,  but  by  delegation,  or 
by  machinery;  they  visit  the  sick,  feed 
the  hungry,  and  clothe  the  naked  by  joint- 
stock  associations  &c."  (p.  187, 188). 

Now  we  think  we  can  show  that  our 
author  is  mistaken  in  all  tliese  premises- 
Charity  must  be  administered  through 
"  Churches ;"  through  the  "  public  authori- 
ties ;"  and  through  " societies."  A  hasty  pre- 
liminary glance,  will  sufficiently  prove  this. 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  T3 


1.  How  many  deserving  poor,  who  would 
blush  to  expose  their  poverty  to  a  strange 
visitor,  are  relieved  from  the  Church's 
poor-fund,  through  the  agency  of  the  pastor ! 

2.  If  the  "public  authorities"  did  not  re- 
quire all  to  aid  the  poor,  by  the  medium  of 
taxation,  the  avaricious  and  niggardly  would 
refuse  their  quota,  and  the  liberal  and  gene- 
rous would  be  obliged  to  bear  the  whole 
burden. 

3.  Unless  the  poor  at  home  are  reached 
through  the  agency  of  "societies,"  they 
will  never,  save  in  isolated  instances,  be 
reached  at  all;  as  will  be  shown  hereafter. 

"We  shall  first  show  very  clearly  that,  our 
author's  theory,  that  the  visitation  of  the 
poor  should  be  performed  individually,  by 
all  those  who  are  not  poor,  is  impracticable. 
This  must  be  the  plan  which  he  recom- 
mends; for  he  makes  such  visitation  the 
duty  of  every  Christian ;  and  as  it  is  the 
duty  of  every  man  to  be  a  Christian ;  ergo, 


74  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


it  is  every  man's  duty  to  become  a  visitor 
of  the  poor. 

Our  critic  seems  to  make  the  great  error 
of  dividing  men  into  two  great  classes  only  ; 
— the  rich,  and  the  poor.  But,  there  are 
very  few  in  any  community,  who  can  pro- 
perly be  called,  "rich;" — very  few  who 
have  the  command  of  their  own  time. 

Of  twenty  men — not  paupers — in  any 
community,  nineteen  are  only  kept  from 
pauperism,  by  the  devotion  of  their  time  to 
labour,  of  various  kinds ;  of  the  counting 
room,  the  shop,  the  loom,  &c.  If  these 
men  ceased  work,  they  and  their  families 
must  starve,  or  be  fed  by  the  twentieth 
man,  who  is  "  rich."  His  wealth,  however, 
must  soon  come  to  an  end;  for  general 
bankruptcy  would  result  from  a  cessation 
of  labour.  Our  author  s  theory,  therefore, 
cannot  be  carried  out,  because  it  is  plainly 
impossible.  It  does  not  at  all  detract  from 
the  weight  of  this  argument  to  say  that, 
men  engaged  thus  in  labour,  can  find  some 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  75 


time  in  which  to  visit  the  poor. — Some  few 
can,  and  do,  and  this  is  well :  but  the  great 
majority  do  not  even  find  time  for  suffi- 
cient rest,  and  relaxation,  after  exhausting 
toil. 

What  then  is  to  be  done?  Obviously, 
the  poor  must  be  visited  by  the  agents  of 
^^ public  authorities,"  or  "joint  stock  asso- 
ciations," or  not  at  all, 

2.  We  assert  that,  if  this  theory  of  gene- 
ral individual  visitation  of  the  poor,  were 
practicable,  it  would  be  inexpedient:  it 
would  aggravate  and  increase  the  very  evil 
which  it  seeks  to  mitigate  and  relieve. 

Suppose  that,  by  some  wonderful  change 
of  fortune,  every  man  in  Philadelphia  (not 
a  pauper)  now  obliged  to  follow  some  occu- 
pation for  a  living,  were  to  find  himself  in 
independent  circumstances ;  and  able  to  dis- 
pose of  his  time  as  he  thought  fit.  Suppose 
— by  a  still  more  extravagant  stretch  of  the 
imagination — that  each  such  enfranchised 
individual  should  provide  himself  with  a 


76  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


copy  of  our  author's  "  New  Themes  f  and, 
anxious  to  fulfil  his  responsibilities,  should 
immediately  commence  a  vigorous  visitation 
of  the  poor;  pouring  in  the  ^^  oil  and 
wine/'  of  which  the  editor  speaks  so  feel- 
ingly; by  which,  we  suppose,  he  means 
money  and  clothes.  What  would  be  the 
result,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  first  year  of 
this  golden  age  ?  It  does  not  require  much 
prophetic  ken  to  give  the  result,  in  "  ad- 
vance of  the  annual  statement."  Labour, 
would,  to  a  great  extent,  come  to  an  end  : — 
for  why  should  men  work,  when  their  wants 
are  supplied  without  work  ?  Intemperance 
would  stride  over  the  country  "like  an 
armed  man,"  and  Pauperism  would  be  in- 
creased a  hundred  fold. 

Society,  for  its  own  protection,  and  for 
the  good  of  the  poor,  would  have  to  do  ex- 
actly what  it  does  now  ; — appoint  from  its 
number,  agents  ;  whose  duty  it  should  be  to 
become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
habits,  the  worthiness,  or  unworthiness,  of 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  77 


applicants  for  relief;  and  acting  upon  this 
knowledge,  relieve  those  who  were  fit  ob- 
jects of  charity,  and  compel  the  unworthy, 
the  idle,  and  the  vicious,  to  reformation  and 
labour.  To  know  how  to  really  benefit  the 
poor,  requires  time,  knowledge,  discretion, 
and  no  little  tact.  As  few  men  possess  all 
of  these  qualifications,  it  is  not  only  expe- 
dient, but  absolutely  necessary,  to  employ 
agents,  paid,  or  unpaid,  acting  through  the 
"  public  authorities,"  or  through  ''  societies," 
whose  duty  it  shall  be,  to  appropriate  the 
alms  of  society,  to  those  who  really  need 
such  aid ;  to  endeavour  to  reform  the  vi- 
cious, and  to  find  labour  for  the  unemployed. 
Such  agencies  we  have ;  and  they  are  con- 
tinually accomplishing  a  vast  amount  of 
good. 

But  all  such  agencies  excite  our  critic's 
ire ;  and  he  would  fain,  apparently,  have 
us  disband  them  at  once.  We  may  do  s6, 
and  we  shall  be  inclined  to  do  so,  when — 
he  can  ''  show  us  a  more  excellent  way." 

7* 


78  A  KEVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


In  the  meantime,  Christians  are  not  so 
neglectful  of  individual  visitation  of  the 
poor,  as  he  appears  to  think.  Indeed,  he 
seems  to  have  been  most  unfortunate  in  his 
experience  of  Christian  character,  both  cleri- 
cal and  lay.  What  description  of  ministers 
can  he  have  known  who  is  obliged  to  give 
them  such  a  character  as  this  :  "  We  shall 
be  equally  at  a  loss  to  find  any  class  of  tJiem 
who  are  imitating  the  ministry  of  their 
Lord  and  Master.  Not  only  is  there  no 
such  class  of  ministers  but  it  is  rare  to  find 
one  who  waller  in  the  footsteps  of  Him  whom 
he  professes  to  serve  ;  it  is  rare  to  find  one 
who  even  comprehends  the  scope  of  his  teach- 
ing who  spake  as  never  man  spake."  If  he 
never  met  with,  did  he  never  hear,  of  such 
ministers  (to  go  no  farther  than  his  own  city 
and  vicinity)  as  the  Whites,  the  Bedells,  the 
Potters,  the  Alexanders,  the  Millers,  and 
the  Greens, — who  have,  heretofore,  had  the 
credit  of  "  walking  in  the  footsteps  of  Him 
whom  they  professed  to  serve  ?"     Our  au- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  79 


thor  complains  grievously  of  the  "  bitter- 
ness, virulence,  and  evil  speaking"  which 
prevail  among  Christians.  But  he  must  re- 
member that,  at  that  time,  Christians  had 
not  the  advantage  of  the  example  afforded 
by  the  charitable  and  kindly  tone  of  "  New 
Themes."  If,  hereafter,  they  should  fail  in 
the  matter  of  charity,  they  may  almost  give 
themselves  up  as  incorrigible  ;  or,  certainly, 
very  hard  to  be  cured.  If  their  bosoms  are 
ever  ruffled  by  the  storms  of  evil  passions, 
let  them  read  a  few  pages  of  "  New  Themes," 
as  a  composing  draught ;  and  lay  down  the 
amiable  volume,  calmer,  "  wiser,  and  better, 
men." 

Let  us  now  endeavour,  if  possible,  to 
ascertain  the  source  of  this  great  evil — Pau- 
perism. He  is  the  wise  physician  who, 
not  satisfied  with  temporary  palliatives, 
seeks  to  remove  the  cause  of  the  disease. 
His  office  is  a  higher  one,  than  the  me- 
chanical occupation  of  satisfying  the  thirst 
produced  by  the  heat  of  the  fever.      He 


80  A  REVIEW  OP  '*NEW  THEMES 


labours  to  remove  the  fever  itself; — knowing 
that,  with  returning  health,  the  weakness 
and  disorder  consequent  upon  disease,  will 
be  rectified,  as  a  matter  of  course.  Now 
there  are  causes  of  poverty,  w^hich,  in  this 
imperfect  state,  we  can  never  expect  to  be 
wholly  exempt  from ;  and  these  we  class 
generally  under  the  title  of  unavoidable 
pauperism.  Let  it  be  understood  here,  once 
for  all,  that  no  disgraceful  association  is  to 
be  attached  to  the  term,  "pauperism."  A 
pauper  is,  a  poor  person ;  in  the  proper  sig- 
nification of  the  word.  It  is  not  the  being 
a  pauper  which  disgraces;  the  manner  in 
which  one  became,  and  the  reasons  why 
one  continues,  a  pauper,  may  be  disgraceful. 
The  term  signifies  a  state,  or  condition, 
merely.  We  mention  this  to  anticipate 
any  objection  which  may  arise  in  the  mind 
of  a  reader  not  accustomed  to  weigh  techni- 
cal terms,  against  our  calling  the  working 
poor, — paupres,  A  proportion,  therefore, 
of  the   pauperism  of  any  community,  or 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  81 


country,  is  unavoidable.  But  this  propor- 
tion we  believe  to  be  small.  We  believe 
that,  three  fourths  of  the  pauperism  and 
crime  of  the  United  States,  and  of  London 
and  Liverpool  at  least,  is  caused  by  intem- 
perance. What  the  proportion  may  be  in 
the  smaller  towns,  and  rural  districts,  of 
Great  Britain,  we  cannot  state  accurately ; 
perhaps  as  high  as  the  percentage  just  men- 
tioned. 

Let  us  examine  a  few  British  statistics 
on  this  subject.  So  far  back  as  a  century 
— "In  1751  it  was  affirmed  that  upwards 
of  4000  dealers  who  sold  spirituous  liquors 
without  license  had  been  convicted  of  the 
penalty  of  £10  each  from  Jan.  1749  to  Jan. 
1750.  According  to  a  list  of  private  Gin 
shops  on  the  best  calculation  they  amounted 
to  upwards  of  17,000  in  the  bills  of  mor- 
tality." Wade's  British  History  p.  438. 
To  come  to  more  recent  times  : 
"  The  consumption  of  spirits  in  the  Uni- 
ted Kingdom  was  at  the  rate  of  .056  gallons 


82  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


[per  head]  in  1802,  .049  in  1812  and  .046 
in  1821.  Both  in  Scotland  and  Ireland 
however  especially  in  the  latter,  there  was 
no  doubt  a  large  additional  consumption  of 
illicit  spirits.  Of  Rum  the  average  con- 
sumption of  each  individual  was  in  England 
.023  gallons,  in  1802,  .029  in  1812,  and  .017 
in  1821."^ — KnigMs  History  of  England, 
vol,  8.  p.  729.  ^ 

"  The  barrels  of  beer  brewed  in  1836  in 
London  were  about  3,000,000  bis.  This 
would  give  an  average  of  2  bis.  or  about  76 
gallons  of  beer  per  annum,  for  every  inha- 
bitant of  the  metropolis,  man,  woman,  and 
child.  This  is  of  course  beyond  the  mark, 
but  not  so  much  as  one  would  at  first  ima- 
gine."— KnigMs  London  vol.  4.  jp.  3. 

The  large  proportion  of  this  malt  liquor 
consumed  by  the  very  poor,  of  course,  forms 
an  important  item  in  our  calculation.  It 
may  be  objected  here,  that  Beer  is  rather 
an  article  of  diet,  than  an  unnecessary  lux- 
ury, with  an  Englishman.     This  impression 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  83 


is  erroneous ;  as  will  appear  from  the  follow- 
ing unexceptionable  testimony.  Baron  Lie- 
big,  in  his  chemical  lectures,  says  : 

"  We  can  prove  with  mathematical  cer- 
tainty that  as  much  flour  or  meal  as  can  lie  on 
the  point  of  a  table  knife  is  more  nutritious 
than  five  measures  (about  eight  or  ten 
quarts  !)  of  the  best  Bavarian  beer ;  that  a 
person  who  is  able  daily  to  consume  that 
amount  of  beer  obtains  from  it  in  a  whole 
year,  in  the  most  favourable  case,  exactly 
the  amount  of  nutritive  constituents  which 
is  contained  in  a  five  pound  loaf  of  bread, 
or  three  pounds  of  flesh."  In  other  words, 
a  whole  year's  drinking  of  beer,  strengthens 
the  system  as  much  as  a  loaf  of  bread  :  or, 
say  40  cents  worth  of  bread,  is  worth  $180 
worth  of  beer !  What  vast  sums  are  thus 
expended  by  the  poor,  on  a  mere  article  of 
luxury,  and  source  of  intemperance.  Of 
tobacco,  too,  another  article  of  luxury  the 
average  consumption  in  Great  Britain,  in 
1821,  was  1.443  ounces.     In  1839,  the  po- 


84  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


lice  arrested  for  drunkenness,  in  London, 
13,952  men  and  7,317  females =21,269. 
Notwithstanding  the  misery  directly  attri- 
butable to  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks, 
the  wretched  victims  of  intemperance  have 
stubbornly  refused  to  part  with  their  poison. 
When  the  Gin  Act  of  1731  was  passed,  for 
the  purpose  of  checking  excessive  drinking, 
"  The  pojiulace  soon  broke  through  all  re- 
straint. Though  no  license  was  obtained, 
no  duty  paid,  the  liquor  continued  to  be 
sold  in  all  corners  of  the  streets.  Inform- 
ers were  intimidated  by  the  threats  of  the 
people,  and  the  justices  of  the  peace  either 
from  ignorance  or  corruption  neglected  to 
put  the  law  in  execution." — Wades  British 
History. 

"  In  1840,  England  made  about  ten  mil- 
lions of  gallons  of  spirits.  Scotland  made 
about^seven  millions  of  gallons,  and  Ireland 
about  nine  millions  of  gallons.  In  England, 
Ireland,  and  Scotland  duty  was  paid  in 
1840,  on  the  following  quantities  of  spirits, 


ETC.  85 

viz  :  Rum  2,830,263  gallons  ;  brandy, 
1,167,756  gallons  ;  Geneva,  18,640  gallons ; 
on  other  foreign  spirits  8,758  gallons ;  and 
on  British,  Irish,  and  Scotch  spirits,  25,190,- 
843  gallons ;  making  in  the  whole  nearly 
thirty  millions  of  gallons  ;  upon  which  the 
duty  amounted  to  about  eight  millions  of 
pounds  sterling!" — Putnam's  World's  Pro- 
gress,    Pari.  Returns, 

Can  we  form  any  idea  of  the  amount  of 
money  expended  by  the  lower  classes  in 
Great  Britain,  for  intoxicating  drinks  ? 
The  computation  has  been  already  made 
for  us.  From  an  excellent  discourse  en- 
titled Drinking  Usages^  by  Bishop  Potter, 
of  Pennsylvania,  we  make  the  following 
extract:  "It  is  computed  by  Mr.  Porter, 
an  English  statistician  of  distinguished 
ability,  but  of  no  special  interest  in  the  sub- 
ject which  we  are  now  discussing,  that  the 
labouring  people  of  Great  Britain,  exclusive 
of  the  middle  and  higher  classes,  expend 
no  less  than  £53,000,000  ($250,000,000) 


86  A  REVIEW  OP  "new  THEMES 


every  year,  on  alcoholic  liquors  and  to- 
bacco ! !"  What  a  startling  statement  is 
this!  Can  there  any  longer  remain  any 
doubt  as  to  the  prime  cause  of  ^  Pauperism 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland?  And  yet, 
our  author  abuses  the  Church  of  England, 
and  English  Christians  at  large,  for  the 
amount  and  evils  of  pauperism  !  He  says 
that :  "  the  Church  of  England  has  signally 
failed  in  the  fulfilment  of  her  chief  duty  :'* 
(p.  161).  that  she  has  "repudiated  the 
charge"  of  the  poor.  He  complains  that 
"  English  Christians  have  done  nothing 
worth  naming  to  redeem  the  poor  from  their 
abject  condition."  (p.  161.)  Many  such 
Jeremiades  as  these  there  are,  which  display 
about  the  same  amount  of  wisdom  and 
charity,  as  distinguish  the  charges  against 
Christian  ministers  and  Christian  men. 

Here  are  the  oppressed  miserable  beings, — 
in  whose  cause  our  author's  generous  soul  is 
"  up  in  arms," — making  merry  on  $250,- 
000,000  of  dollars  worth  of  rum  and  to- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  87 


bacco,  whilst  their  mourning  champion, 
weeping  over  their  wretchedness,  "  refuses 
to  be  comforted."  On  page  165,  we  are 
told:  "  in  every  society  where  Christian 
duties  are  discharged  with  even  moderate 
faithfulness,  the  poor  will  be  reduced  to 
the  smallest  number  possible.  Is  this  so 
in  England?  Is  it  necessary  is  it  unavoid- 
able that  there  should  be  three  millions  of 
suffering  poor  in  Great  Britain  ?  Is  it  in- 
evitable that  every  tenth  person  should 
be  a  pauper?  We  say  no:  That  there 
should  not  be  in  Great  Britain  nor  in  Ire- 
land more  than  a  pauper  to  every  hundred 
inhabitants." 

"We  join  issue  with  the  above  "No." 
We  assert  that  it  is  "necessary  and  un- 
avoidable" that  there  should  be  "  millions" 
of  paupers  in  Great  Britain,  so  long  as  the 
labouring  classes  spend  their  wages  in  rum 
and  tobacco. 

Our  author  goes  on  to  remark:  "We 
say  that  this  subject  is  seldom,  if  ever,  ap- 


88  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


preached,  as  it  should  be,  in  its  Christian 
aspect."  Let  us  be  less  ambitious  then, 
and  endeavour  to  approach  it  in  its  common 
sense  "  aspect."  And  this  mention  of  com- 
mon sense,  gives  us  an  opportunity  of  ex- 
hibiting to  the  reader  the  most  remarkable 
feature  of  this  most  remarkable  book.  We 
have  seen  what  stress  is  laid  by  writers  on 
the  subject  of  Pauperism,  upon  the  use  of 
alcoholic  drinks,  as  the  great  producing 
cause  of  poverty  and  crime.  Will  it  be 
believed  that,  in  the  book  under  review,  of 
279  pages,  the  great  subject  of  which  is 
Pauperism — this  prime  cause  of  Pauperismy 
Intemperance  is  not  once  mentioned! — save 
in  an  incidental  way,  on  page  271,  to  which 
we  shall  presently  refer.  If  there  be  any 
other  notice,  even  of  the  existence  of  such 
an  evil,  a  diligent  examination  has  not  en- 
abled us  to  find  it.  This  is  a  fact  for  the 
next  edition  of  "  Curiosities  of  Literature." 
A  work  upon  Pauperism  without  treating 
on    Intemperance!     This    is,  indeed,    the 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  89 


^^  play  of  Hamlet,  with  the  part  of  Hamlet 
left  out."  This  is  like  a  medical  essay  upon 
the  plague,  without  touching  the  question  of 
contagion. 

How  differently  the  same  things  strike 
different  minds!  Bishop  Potter  tells  us: 
"In  wasting  $250,000,000  every  year,  the 
labouring  population  of  Britain  put  it  be- 
yond the  power  of  any  government  to  avert, 
from  multitudes  of  them,  the  miseries  of 
want."  {Drinking  Usages  p.  12.)  The 
author  of  "New  Themes,"  on  the  other 
hand,  does  not  deem  it  necessary  to  even 
advert  (except  once,  incidentally)  to  this 
prolific  parent  of  the  evil  he  deplores !  He 
may  take  a  lesson  from  the  Bishop  in  his 
future  essays :  and  yet,  he  seems  to  have 
little  respect  for  authorities, — clerical  or 
literary.  Where  he  does  once  mention 
intemperance,  he  cannot  do  it  without 
having  another  fling  at  his  favourite  game, 
the  poor  Christians.  He  says:  (p.  271) 
"  Thus  Christianity  sits  enthroned  on  high 

8* 


90  A  REVIEW  OF  "  NEW  THEMES 


places,  while  poverty  is  struggling  below. 
Christians  find  matters  very  well  arranged 
for  them;  they  are  reaping  the  fruits  of 
sobriety,  economy,  industry,  and  honesty, 
while  the  multitudes  below  are  suffering 
the  consequences  of  idleness,  ignorance, 
vagrancy,  intemperance,  dishonesty,  and 
crime."  Was  there  ever  a  more  absurd 
paragraph?  Naughty  Christians !  Are  you 
not  ashamed  of  yourselves,  to  be  sitting  up 
there,  reaping  the  fruits  of  your  "sobriety, 
economy,  industry,  and  honesty?"  Come 
down,  at  once !  and  suffer  the  consequences 
of  "  idleness,  ignorance,  vagrancy,  intempe- 
rance, dishonesty,  and  crime !"  This  is  one 
of  the  many  luminous  and  profound  sen- 
tences that  meet  our  eye,  wherever  we 
turn  over  these  279  pages  of  text,  and  100 
pages  of  "  Notes  by  the  Editor."  Par  nobile 
fratrum  I 

If  our  author  had  only  condescended  to 
be  as  communicative,  as  is  the  good  Bishop, 
we   could   have    helped    him   out  of   his 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  91 


^^  slough  of  despond,"  some  time  ago.  If 
he  had  told  us,  that  his  band  of  3,000,000 
pensioners,  and  those  likely  to  add  to  their 
number,  were  indulging  themselves  in 
$250,000,000  dollars  worth  of  rum  and 
tobacco,  we  should  have  suggested  that,  the 
paupers,  and  thos^  of  the  labouring  classes 
who  help  this  consumption,  should  deny 
themselves  these  luxuries,  and  divide  the 
purchase  money  among  the  3,000,000  pau- 
pers; which  would  give  each  one,  $83  per 
annum;  to  which  add,  at  least  double  that 
sum,  lost  in  idleness,  and  the  $250  per 
annum,  thus  accruing  to  each  former  pau- 
per, would,  at  once,  elevate  him  above  pau- 
perism. 

Now,  having  glanced  at  the  subject  of 
British  Pauperism,  let  us  look  at  matters 
nearer  home ;  and  see  whether  this  hydra 
headed  monster.  Intemperance, — devouring 
industry,  happiness  and  prosperity, — exist 
among  us.  If  it  do,  this  volume  has  not  made 
us  any  wiser  upon  the  subject:  but  our  faith 


92  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


in  our  author's  infallibility,  has  been  shaken 
by  this  last  startling  expose^  and  we  begin  to 
suspect  that  Solomon  will  still  retain  his 
ancient  laurels.  With  regard  to  intempe- 
rance in  the  United  States,  the  Hon. 
Edward  Everett  tells  us  what  it  has  done 
for  us  in  ten  years,  ''\,  It  has  cost  the 
nation  a  direct  expenditure  of  600,000,000 
of  dollars.  2.  It  has  cost  the  nation  an  in- 
direct expense  of  600,000,000  of  dollars. 
3.  It  has  destroyed  300,000  lives.  4.  It 
has  sent  100,000  children  to  the  poor  house. 
5.  It  has  consigned  at  least  150,000  persons 
to  the  jails  and  penitentiaries.  6.  It  has 
made  at  least  1000  maniacs.  7.  It  has 
instigated  to  the  commission  of  1,500  mur- 
ders. 8.  It  has  caused  2000  persons  to 
commit  suicide.  9.  It  has  burned,  or  other- 
wise destroyed,  property  to  the  amount  of 
10,000,000  of  dollars.  10.  It  has  made 
200,000  widows,  and  one  million  of  orphan 
children."  Mr.  Justice  Grier  said :  "  It  is 
not  necessary  to  array  the  appalling  statis- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  93 


tics  of  misery,  pauperism  and  crime  which 
have  their  origin  in  the  use  and  abuse  of 
ardent  spirits."  Let  us  look  at  our  own 
state,  in  this  respect.  Bishop  Potter  says — 
after  referring  to  the  sums  expended  in 
Great  Britain  for  rum  and  tobacco — "  There 
is  little  doubt  that  the  amount,  directly  or 
indirectly,  consumed  in  Pennsylvania  an- 
nually, for  the  same  indulgence  equals 
$10,000,000— a  sum  which,  could  it  be 
saved  for  four  successive  years,  would  pay 
the  debt  which  now  hangs,  like  an  incubus 
on  the  energies  of  the  Commonwealth." 
Drinking  Usages,  p.  12. 

Let  us  now  come  quite  home,  to  our  own 
city,  (Philadelphia)  and  see  if  we  cannot 
find  some  employment  for  the  zealous  en- 
ergies of  our.. enthusiastic  reformer,  the  au- 
thor of  "  New  Themes."  We  quote  from  an 
able  discourse  entitled  the  "  Throne  of  ini- 
quity," by  the  Rev.  Albert  Barnes,  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. "  The  exact  sum  received  in  the 
city  and  county  of  Philadelphia  for  tavern 


94  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


licenses  in  the  year  1851,  was  $66,302; 
the  whole  sura  in  the  state  was  about 
$108,000.  The  expenses  for  prosecuting 
for  crime,  and  for  the  support  of  pauperism, 
consequent  on  intemperance,  in  the  city 
and  county,  was,  for  the  same  year,  as 
accurately  as  it  can  be  computed,  $365,000. 
As  showing  the  nature  and  the  extent 
of  the  burdens  resting  on  the  commu- 
nity as  the  result  of  the  license  system, 
and  the  traffic  in  ardent  spirits,  it  may  be 
proper  to  present  some  statistics  respect- 
ing the  Philadelphia  Alms  House;  an  insti- 
tution that  may  be  properly  regarded  as 
furnishing  a  fair  illustration  of  the  working 
of  the  present  system  throughout  the  land. 
It  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Guardians 
of  the  Poor. — "The  number  of  cases  treated 
in  the  Hospital  in  the  Blockley  Alms  House, 
in  1851,  was  5000.  Intemperate  males, 
2709,  women,  897,  total  3,606,  out  of  5,000. 
There  were  also  of  mania-a-potu  with  slight 
delirium,  343;  do  with  hallucination,  114; 


FOR  THE  PEOTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  95 


violent  mania,  157: — total,  mania-a-potu, 
614." 

Nearly  four  thousand  persons  supported 
at  the  public  expense,  in  a  single  city  and 
county,  as  the  result  of  the  traffic  in  ardent 
spirits,  and  more  than  six  hundred  afflicted 
with  the  most  dreadful  form  of  insanity 
that  ever  comes  upon  man : — a  business 
tolerated,  protected,  sustained  by  law,  and 
requiring  heavy  taxes  upon  the  sober  and 
industrious  for  its  support !  What  other 
conceivable  business  is  there  that  in  a  civil- 
ized and  Christian  land  would  be  protected 
or  tolerated,  which  would,  in  a  single  year, 
in  a  single  county,  dethrone  the  intellect 
in  more  than  six  hundred  cases,  and  convert 
more  than  six  hundred  citizens  into  fright- 
ful maniacs  r  (p.  10). 

Judge  Kelley  stated,  on  a  public  occasion, 
that  :  they  "were  then  in  the  midst  of  a 
Criminal  Court,  and  that,  without  excep- 
tion, every  case  that  had  come  before  him, 
resulted   from    intemperance !"     Of   5,199 


96  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


received  into  the  Blockley  Alms  House,  in 
one  year,  2,323  were  drunk  when  received!  ! 
Is  it  not  passing  strange  that  our  critic  did 
not  think  proper  to  advert  to  these  facts,  as 
accounting  for  the  great  increase  of  Pau- 
perism amongst  us? 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  97 


CHAPTER  IV. 

We  now  approach  a  subject  the  import- 
ance of  which  can  hardly  be  over  rated, 
and  which  naturally  engages  much  of 
our  author's  attention ; — the  British  Poor 
Laws.  We  have  already  seen  that,  he  advo- 
cates individual,  unassociated,  visitation  of 
the  poor: — he  considers  that,  the  proper 
care  takers  of  the  necessitous,  are  neither 
^^ Churches,"  nor  "Public  Authorities,"  nor 
"  Societies."  We  think  we  have  sufficiently 
proved  that,  his  theory  is  both  impracticable, 
and  inexpedient,  if  practicable.  We  shall 
now  endeavour  to  treat,  as  briefly  as  pos- 
sible, a  very  extensive  and  comprehensive 
subject : — the  Pauperism  of  Great  Britain. 

Whilst  it  is  an  error  to  suppose,  as  some 
do,  that  the  burden  of  the  poor  first  became 
a  subject  of  public  notice,  on  the  suppres- 


98  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


sion  of  the  Monasteries  and  Religious 
Houses,  by  Henry  8th,  1536-40,  yet  the 
vast  accession  of  paupers  thrown  upon  socie- 
ty, by  this  suppression,  increased  the  pre- 
existing evil  to  such  a  degree,  as  to  force 
upon  the  public  mind  the  necessity  of  its 
abatement.  Of  the  state  of  morals  at  this 
period  we  have  a  most  gloomy  picture  : 

"  The  prisoners  in  the  kingdom  confined 
for  debts  and  crimes  are  stated  to  have  been 
60,000,  an  incredible  number  when  the 
smallness  of  the  population  is  considered. 
Harrison  asserts  that  72,000  criminals  were 
executed  during  this  reign  for  theft  and 
robbery,  which  would  amount  to  nearly 
2000  a  year."     Wades  British  History, 

After  nearly  seventy  years  experience  of 
the  ill  effects  of  trusting  to  an  irregular  and 
voluntary  mode  of  alms  giving,  after  try- 
ing for  so  long  a  time  our  author's  plan  of 
the  "spontaneous  movements  of  contribu- 
tors," it  was  found  necessary  to  make  the 
"  public  authorities,"    the  almoners  of  the 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.  99 


nation  at  large.  So  that  this  "  New  Theme" 
of  our  author's,  was  "  laid  upon  the  table/' 
some  250  years  since.  The  expediency  of 
such  "public  agency/'  strikes  us  as  most  ob- 
vious. It  was  impossible  for  those  applied  to 
for  charity,  to  examine  into  the  validity  of 
the  beggar's  claims.  The  rural  population, 
were  in  continual  danger  of  violence,  from 
disappointed  mendicity;  the  female  inmates 
of  the  farm  house,  were  exposed  to  insult; 
and  the  sturdy  beggar  of  the  day,  became 
the  desperate  burglar  of  the  night.  And 
here  let  us  notice,  currents  calamo,  our  au- 
thor's objection  to  the  arrangement  by  which 
each  parish  (now,  "  union")  is  charged  with 
the  support  of  its  own  poor,  only.  He  com- 
plains, "that  they  have  made  charity  de- 
pendent upon  the  parish  boundaries."  How 
can  it  be  otherwise,  if  it  be  proper  to  check 
imposition,  and  discourage  the  growth  of 
pauperism?  If  the  parish  officers,  respect- 
ively, have  cognizance  of,  and  provide  for, 
their  own  pensioners,  they  can  secure  the 


100  A  REVIEW  OP  "new  THEMES 


substance  of  the  industrious  and  deserving, 
from  the  selfish  appropriation  of  the  idle 
and  vicious.  But,  if  the  pauper  be  allowed 
to  claim  from  every  parish  poor's  purse, 
within  the  reach  of  his  improvidence,  pro- 
fligacy, or  rapacity,  the  industrious  will  be 
defrauded,  the  unworthy  will  monopolize, 
and  the  deserving  starve,  or  lean  upon  the 
already  over  burdened.  If  there  be  any 
thing  clear  to  our  mind,  it  is  the  necessity 
of  "public  agency"  and  "parish  boundaries." 
(Now,  "  Union"  Limits). 

So,  at  least,  have  reasoned  the  sagacious 
statesmen  of  England ;  who  must  be  allowed 
to  be  as  good  judges  of  the  matter,  as  either 
the  writer  •  of  "  New  Themes,"  or  his  pre- 
sent reviewer.  By  the  Act  14  Elizabeth, 
Cap.  5,  power  was  given  to  the  justices  to 
lay  a  general  assessment  for  the  support  of 
the  poor;  and  by  the  Act  43  Eliz.  Cap.  2, 
the  Poor  Laws  were  systematized,  and  their 
administration  defined.  This  celebrated 
Act,  has  formed  the  basis  of  subsequent 


POR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        101 


Poor  Law  legislation  :  a  department  of  the 
English  code,  which  has  been  matured  by 
the  benevolence,  experience,  sagacity,  re- 
trospection, and  prospection,  of  some  of  the 
wisest  men  whom  England  has  ever  seen. 
Men  to  whom,  however  highly  exalted  in 
position,  nothing  that  affected  the  interests 
of  humanity  was  little;  and  who  were 
equally  at  home  at  the  parish  poor  table, 
enforcing  distributive  justice,  and.  on  the 
floor  of  the  Senate,  expounding  the  princi- 
ples of  legislation.  Without  impertinence, 
we  may  fairly  appeal  to  the  reader,  a  priori, 
whether  these  legislators,  prompted  by  phi- 
lanthropy, and  taught  by  experience,  eye- 
witnesses, ear-witnesses,  heart- witnesses,  of 
the  facts  before  them,  were  not  likely  to  be 
as  good  judges  of  the  wants  of  the  English 
poor,  as  our  American  critic,  who  comes 
forward,  at  this  day,  to  cast  contempt  upon 
their  counsels,  and  condemn  their  acts? 

It  is  among  the  imperfections  incident  to 
humanity,  that  those  who  conceive  wisely, 

9^ 


102  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


cannot,  in  the  nature  of  things,  always  ex- 
ecute their  own  designs.  Extended  machi- 
nery requires  extended  instrumentality : 
and  neglect  may  nullify,  favoritism  abuse, 
or  corruption  pervert,  the  designs  of  the 
best  hearts  and  the  wisest  heads.  This  we 
shall  have  occasion  to  «ee,  as  we  proceed. 
We  may  here  notice,  as  a  remarkable  proof 
of  the  "  evil  eye"  with  which  our  author 
continually  regards  the  "  Church  of  Eng- 
land," that  he  goes  the  extravagant  length,  of 
blaming  its  authorities  for  not  giving  to  the 
poor,  what  he  contends  was  granted  to 
them,  at  the  Keformation,  for  this  specific 
purpose.  He  tells  us  :  "  At  the  period  of 
the  Reformation,  when  Henry  VIII  assumed 
the  headship  of  the  Church  of  England,  all 
these  immense  estates  were  confiscated  and 
conferred  upon  the  bishops  and  other  clergy 
and  leaders  of  the  great  reform.  *  *  All 
that  was  given  to  the  English  bishops  and 
clergy  has  remained  the  property  of  the  es- 
tablishment   to    this    day.  *  *     Not    the 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        103 


slightest  regard  has  been  paid  by  these 
bishops  and  clergy,  any  mote  than  the  lay 
grantees,  to  the  trusts  under  which  these 
estates  were  granted."  (p.  140,  141.) 

Now  let  us  quote  the  statute  of  July 
29th  1539:  "A  statute  was  made  confirm- 
ing the  seizure  and  surrenderor  the  abbeys; 
and  in  which  it  is  provided  that  ^  all  mon- 
asteries or  other  religious  houses,  dissolved, 
suppressed,  surrendered,  or  by  any  means 
come  to  his  highness,  shall  be  vested  in  him, 
his  heirs,  and  successors  for  ever.'  But 
the  vast  possessions  so  vested  in  the 
Crown,  were  soon  lost  by  wasteful  grants 
and  alienations,  and  no  substantial  national 
advantage  was  derived  from  that  great  rev- 
olution by  which  in  five  years,  a  fifth  or  a 
fourth  part  of  the  landed  property  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales  has  been  confiscated." 
{Wade's  British  History.)  "Parliament 
passed  an  act  for  establishing  new  bishop- 
rics, deaneries,  and  colleges,  which  were 
to  be  endowed  with  revenues  raised  on  the 


104  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


lands  of  the  monasteries;  but  it  was  too 
late ;  the  money  and  lands  were  gone,  or 
the  king  and  his  ministers  needed  all  that 
remained.  The  number  of  new  bishoprics 
was  reduced  from  eighteen  to  six  *  *".  "  At 
the  same  time  14  abbeys  and  priories  were 
converted  into  cathedrals  and  collegiate 
churches,  with  deans  and  prebendaries ;  but 
the  king  kept  to  himself  a  part  of  the  lands 
which  had  been  attached  to  them,  and 
charged  the  chapters  with  the  obligation  of 
contributing  annually  to  the  support  of  the 
poor,  and  the  repair  of  the  highways." 
{KnigMs  England,) 

These  extracts  will  cast  some  light  upon 
the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  times. 
Without  entering  into  any  argument  upon 
the  premises  of  our  author,  does  not  his 
charge  disprove  itself?  But,  supposing  that 
the  bishops  and  clergy,  of  subsequent  tenure, 
were  morally  bound  to  make  such  appropri- 
ation to  the  poor,  as  he  insists  they  were,  by 
what  authority  does  he  declare  that,  "not 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         105 


the  slightest  regard"  has  been  paid  by  them 
to  such  presumed  obligations  ?  For  all  that 
he  can  know  to  the  contrary,  the  authori- 
ties of  the  English  Church  have,  regularly 
and  faithfully,  fulfilled  these  obligations,  as- 
suming their  existence.  Have  not  the  Eng- 
lish Clergy,  in  all  subsequent  times,  given 
large  sums  for  the  support  of  the  poor  ?  Un- 
doubtedly they  have  :  and  for  all  that  our 
critic  knows  to  the  contrary,  they  have  thus 
disposed  of  these  very  funds.  But  it  is  at 
once  plain,  even  to  the  superficial  reader, 
that  the  whole  assumption  is  gratuitous^  on 
his  part.  As  we  have  said  before,  the 
charge  refutes  itself.  Whatever  possessions 
were  granted  to  the  Church  by  Henry  8th, 
were  taken  from  her  by  Mary,  and  came 
under  new  jurisdiction  upon  the  accession 
of  Elizabeth.  Even  were  such  a  claim  upon 
the  clergy  in  existence  tlien,  it  was  certainly 
nullified  by  the  Act  just  recited,  ^^43  Eliza- 
beth, Cap.  2,"  by  which  the  poor  were  taken 
under  public  guardianship.      Had  such    a 


106  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


claim  legally  existed,  even  if  buried  in 
abeyance,  is  it  probable  that  it  would  have 
escaped  enforcement  by  all  subsequent  gene- 
rations, to  be  exhumed  by  Thomas  Euggles, 
in  1793,  and  revived  by  the  sagacious  writer 
of  "New  Themes,"  in  1851?  If  our  au- 
thor possess  so  happy  a  knack  of  re-animat- 
ing such  dormant  claims,  he  can  soon  have 
his  hands. full,  as  an  attorney,  to  his  incal- 
culable emolument.  He  blames  the  public 
authorities  of  England  for  the  establishment 
of  the  Poor  House  System.  He  says  (p. 
144)  :  "  They  have  invented  the  poor  house, 
that  stigma  of  Protestantism."  Let  us  ex- 
amine this  matter  for  a  moment.  The  pau- 
per who  can  work,  should  be  made  to  work. 
We  offer  higher  authority  for  this  position 
than  our  own.  St.  Paul  tells  us,  If  any 
man  will  not  work  neither  shall  he  eat.  2 
Thess.  3—10. 

It  stands  to  reason  that,  the  industrious 
should  not  support  the  idle ;  and  the  idle 
are  injured  by  such  unnecessary  support. 


107 

But  if  each  pauper  be  allowed  to  remain 
in  his  own  house,  how  can  he  be  compelled 
to  labour  ?  He  may,  and  will,  feign  sick- 
ness ;  and  find  many  excuses  to  avoid  work. 
Each  pauper  would  require  an  overseer, 
which  would  be  an  intolerable  expense. 

Collected  together  in  a  "  Poor  House,"  su- 
pervision and  administration  become  com- 
paratively easy  and  inexpensive.  So  with 
regard  to  bed  ridden,  or  feeble,  poor ;  it  is 
unjust  to  expect  the  community  to  support 
them,  divided  into  families.  But,  congre- 
gated together  in  "  poor  houses,"  they  can 
receive  medical  attendance,  provisions,  and 
other  comforts,  at  a  great  saving  of  labori- 
ous management  and  burdensome  expend- 
iture. 

Much  will  remain  to  be  done,  and  much 
should  be  done,  by  private  charity,  to  pro- 
vide for  many  poor,  at  their  own  homes, 
even  under  the  most  comprehensive  "  poor 
house  system."  But  it  plainly  appears  that, 
if  the  bulk  of  the  poor  are  to  be  provided 


108  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


for  at  all,  they  are  to  be  provided  for  in 
"  poor  houses  :" — in  those  domiciles  of  dis- 
criminating charity,  which  our  critic  dilapi- 
dates at  a  blow,  as  the  "  stigma  of  Protest- 
antism." It  is  a  rather  remarkable  fact, 
that  a  feature  of  the  Christian  world,  which 
has  been  so  often  lauded  in  contradistinction 
to  Pagan  neglect  of  the  helpless,  should  be 
selected  by  our  author  as  a  "  stigma  of  Pro- 
testantism ;"  he  might  as  well  have  said,  of 
Christianity ;  for  the  "  Keligious  Houses" 
which  preceded  Protestantism,  were,  in  fact, 
very  generally,  "  poor  houses." 

We  think  we  can  satisfactorily  prove  that, 
it  was  owing  to  the  neglect  of  faithfully  car- 
rying out  the  "poor  house  system,"  that 
many  of  the  evils  of  English  pauperism  are 
to  be  attributed.  We  shall  show,  also,  that 
so  far  from  "  English  Christians"  having 
been  guilty  of  neglecting  and  oppressing  the 
poor,  exactly  the  contrary  is  the  fact.  Eng- 
land has  "  neglected"  and  "  oppressed" — not 
the  poor — but  the  interests  of  the  industri- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        109 


ous  and  moral  of  her  citizens ;  who  have 
been  compelledj  from  mistaken  lenity,  and 
mal-administration,  to  support  thousands  of 
the  idle  and  vicious,  who  were  well  able  to 
support  themselves. 

Let  us  now  see  what  was  the  operation 
of  placing  the  poor  under  the  charge  of  the 
'^jpuhlic  authorities;"  the  agency  for  which 
our  author  expresses  so  strong  a  disgust. 
State  of  the  Country  before  the  enactment 
of  Poor  Law,  Act  43  EHz.  : 

"  The  country  was  overrun  by  thieves 
aild  vagabonds.  There  were  at  least  three 
or  four  hundred  vagabonds  in  each  county, 
who  lived  by  theft  and  rapine.  Their  num- 
bers intimidated  the  magistrates,  and  there 
were  instances  of  justices  of  the  peace,  who 
after  sentencing  these  depredators,  interfered 
to  stop  the  execution  of  their  sentences,  from 
a  dread  of  the  vengeance  of  their  confede- 
rates."    Wades  British  History. 

State  of  the  Country  after  the  enactment 
of  the  Poor  Law  Act : 

10 


110  A  REVIEW  OP  "NEW  THEMES 


"  The  institution  of  Poor  Laws,  by  com- 
pelling the  idle  to  labour,  and  taking  away 
all  pretexts  for  vagrancy,  helped  greatly  to 
mitigate  these  disorders,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  municipal  order,  and  indus- 
trial prosperity,  which  subsequently  distin- 
guished England  among  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope."    Waders  Brit,  Hist. 

So  the  agency  of  "public  authorities," 
seems  here  to  have  worked  admirably.  We 
have  noticed  our  critic's  complaints  that, 
the  English  poor  have  been  neglected  and 
oppressed.  What  has  been  the  opinion  of 
those  who  were  certainly  qualified  to  be  good 
judges  in  the  premises? 

"  In  1697,  the  celebrated  John  Locke,  in 
the  capacity  of  one  of  the  Commissioners 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  drew  up  a  report  on 
the  state  of  the  poor  in  which  he  expressed 
an  opinion  that  one  half  of  those  who  re- 
ceived Parish  aid  are  able  to  get  their 
livelihood.  He  recommended  a  stricter  en- 
forcing of  the  vagrant  laws,  and  the  estab- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        Ill 


lishment  of  working  schools  for  the  employ- 
ment of  those  who  are  able^  but  unwilling 
to  labour."  This  does  not  look  much  like 
"  neglecting"  the  interest  of  the  poor ! 

In  1704,  the  celebrated  Daniel  Defoe 
published  an  address  to  parliament,  entitled 
"  Giving  Alms  No  Charity/'  in  which  he 
states  that  there  is  in  England,  ''  more  la- 
bour than  hands  to  perform  it ;  and  of  course 
a  want  of  people,  not  of  employment.  No 
man  of  sound  limbs  and  senses  can  be  poor, 
merely  from  want  of  work."  He  considers 
the  improvidence  of  the  poor  a  principal 
cause  of  their  wretchedness.  "  We  are," 
says  he,  "  the  most  lazy,  diligent  people  in  the 
world  :  there  is  nothing  more  frequent  than 
for  an  Englishman  to  work  till  he  has  got 
his  pocket  full  of  money,  and  then  go  and 
be  idle,  or  perhaps  drink  till  it  is  all  gone." 

Perhaps  our  author  is  more  fortunate  in 
his  condemnation  of  the  Poor  House  sys- 
tem? Let  us  see  how  that  system  was 
found  to  answer  its  design  :  "  Immediately 


112  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


after  the  introduction  of  the  Workhouse 
System,  such  was  the  aversion  of  the  poor 
to  the  confinement  and  employment  it  sub- 
jected them  to,  that  the  number  of  claim- 
ants for  parish  aid  was,  in  most  places,  re- 
duced one  half."     Wade's  BritisJi  History. 

This  does  not  look  like  failure !  We  shall 
now  subjoin  an  authority,  which  demolishes 
both  of  our  author's  charges  at  one  blow : 
which  proves  that  the  poor  were  too  lavish- 
ly supplied,  and  that  the  relaxation  of  the 
Workhouse  system,  opened  the  door  to  ex- 
tensive evils. 

"The  serious  abuses  (Geo.  3,1795)  of 
mixing  up  wages  with  the  parish  allowance, 
and  of  a  profuse  grant  of  relief  out  of  tJie 
%vorh'house  became  prevalent.  They  ori- 
ginated in  high  prices.  The  price  of  Corn, 
which  for  three  years  preceding  1795  had 
averaged  54  shillings,  rose  to  74  shillings  a 
quarter.  As  wages  continued  stationary, 
the  distress  of  the  poor  was  very  great,  and 
many  able  bodied  labourers,  who  had  rare- 


FOn  THliJ  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         113 


ly  before  applied  for  parish  assistance,  be- 
came claimants  for  relief.  Instead  of 
meeting  this  emergency  by  temporary  expe- 
dients, and  by  grants  of  relief  proportioned 
to  the  urgency  of  each  individual  case,  one 
uniform  system  was  adopted.  The  magis- 
trates of  Berks  and  some  of  the  southern 
counties  issued  tables,  showing  the  wages 
which  they  thought  every  labouring  man 
ought  to  receive,  according  to  variations  in 
the  price  of  bread,  and  the  number  of  his 
family ;  and  they  accompanied  these  tables 
with  an  order,  directing  the  Parish  officers 
to  make  up  the  difference  to  the  labourer, 
in  the  event  of  the  wages  paid  to  him  by 
his  employer  falling  short  of  the  tabular 
allowance.  An  act  was  also  passed  to  allow 
the  justices  to  administer  relief  out  of  the 
worh-hotises,  and  to  grant  it  to  such  poor 
persons  as  had  property  of  their  own." 
Wades  British  History, 

This  does  not  look  like  starving  the  poor ! 
So  far  back  as  twenty  years  before  this,  in 

10* 


114  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


1774,  "At  a  general  meeting  of  the  parish- 
ioners of  Eccles  near  Manchester,  it  was 
unanimously  agreed  to  strike  oiF  from  the 
poor's  rate  all  paupers  who  shall  after  the 
20th  inst.  heep  dogsT  In  1800  it  appeared, 
"that  upon  a  population  in  England  and 
Wales  of  8,870,000  no  less  than  234,000 
were  partakers  of  parochial  relief;  that  is 
nearly  4th  part  of  the  people  were  indebted 
to  the  other  |ths  wholly  or  in  part."  No 
marvel,  when  it  was  so  easy  a  thing  to  re- 
main idle,  and  be  fed  by  an  industrious 
neighbour.  Our  critic  complains  that,  "  mass- 
es of  labourers  are  kept  in  hopeless  poverty 
and  dependence;  they  are  allowed  the 
scantiest  subsistence  which  will  support  life, 
that  high  taxes  and  high  rents  may  be  paid  " 
(p.  167.)  And  do  the  poorer  classes  re- 
ceive no  advantage  from  the  distribution  of 
these  high  taxes?  We  find  by  a  report 
Wm.  4,  1830-37.  "Nearly  three  fourths 
of  the  entire  sum  yearly  levied  as  poor  rates, 
are  paid  by  the  occupiers  and  owners  of  the 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         115 


soil."  We  are  told:  (p.  145)  "The  allow- 
ance of  the  poor  has  gone  far  below  that  of 
the  soldier  or  sailor,  or  even  the  thief  and 
murderer  in  prison."  This  is  hardly  a  fair 
statement  of  the  case.  We  can  readily  be- 
lieve that  the  pauper  receives  a  less  allow- 
ance than  "the  thief  and  the  murderer." 
Such  men  are  generally  well  fed  in  prison; 
and  "  soldiers  and  sailors,"  of  course,  must 
be  fed  more  on  meat,  than  vegetables :  but 
the  true  question  is,  not  how  does  the  pau- 
per fare,  as  compared  with  others  who  are 
fed  by  Government,  but  how  stands  the  com- 
parison with  those  who  feed  themselves? 
The  inquiries  of  Commissioners  appointed 
to  inquire  into  the  operation  of  the  Poor 
Laws,  in  1832,  ascertained  that,  of  solid 
food,  weekly,  the  independent  "  agricultural 
labourer,  receives  122  ounces ;  the  able  bodied 
pauper  151"!  So,  in  1834,  "Among  the 
facts  noted  by  the  Commissioners,  was  the 
superior  condition  of  the  pauper,  to  an  in- 
dependent labourer." 


116  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


Surely  our  author  is  singularly  unhappy 
in  his  choice  of  ^^  Themes."  We  now  re- 
sume our  chronological  review  of  the  English 
Poor  Laws,  and,  we  think,  have  so  far 
proved,  that  neither  of  our  critic's  general 
positions — viz.  that  the  poor  were  neglected 
and  oppressed,  and  that  the  Poor  House 
system  is  a  "stigma  upon  protestantism," 
is  correct.  Exactly  the  contrary  we  have 
shown  the  facts  to  be.  Will  farther  exami- 
nation bear  us  out?     We  shall  see. 

We  proceed  to  th^  year  1815  referring  to 
Act  55,  Geo.  3  c.  137. 

"The  legislation  upon  the  subject  of  the 
poor  during  the  present  period  was  certainly 
not  calculated  to  check  the  increase  of  pau- 
perism. In  1815  the  Act  called  East's  Act 
was  passed  which  relaxed  the  ancient  regu- 
lations so  far  as  to  empower  justices  to 
order  relief  for  any  length  of  time  they 
chose,  not  exceeding  three  months,  and  to 
enact  that  the  j^auper  sJiould  no  longer  he 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         117 


required  to  come  iiito  any  worh-liouse,  but 
should  receive  his  or  her  allowance  in  money 
at  his  or  her  home  or  house."  KnigMs  Eng- 
land. 

We  pass  on  to  1819,  Act  59,  Geo.  3rd.  c. 
12:  "A  more  familiarly  known  measure, 
Sturges  Bourne's  Act,  passed  in  1819,  w^hile 
it  provided  for  the  establishment  of  select 
vestries  and  the  appointment  of  assistant 
overseers,  facilitated  the  erection  of  worh- 
houses,  and  also  recognized,  though  with 
little  practical  effect,  the  old,  and  as  far 
as  it  can  be  carried  out,  sound  principle  of 
setting  the  paupers  to  work." 

Kelax  the  work  house  system,  and  it  seems 
the  injurious  effects  were  soon  visible.  The 
next  feature  of  this  Act,  does  not  look 
much  like  "  grinding  the  faces  of  the  poor." 

"  It  surely  evinced  a  strange  misconcep- 
tion, a  forgetfulness  of  the  purpose  and  es- 
sential character  of  a  compulsory  provision 
for  the  poor,  when  it  required  the  church 
wardens  and  overseers  to  pay  to  such  pau- 


118  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


pers  as  they  might  employ,  reasonable  wages 
for  their  labour,  and  give  to  the  said  pauper 
labourers  such  and  the  like  remedies  for  the 
recovery  of  their  wages  as  other  labourers 
in  husbandry  have."     KnigMs  England, 

The  number  of  voluntary  paupers  in 
Great  Britain,  at  any  one  time,  it  would,  of 
course,  be  difficult  to  ascertain.  It  is  a  very 
striking  thought,  and  deserves  the  attention 
of  our  zealous  author,  that  "The  rate  of 
wages  is  not  determined  exclusively  by  the 
number  of  the  people,  but  partly  also  by 
the  habits  or  notions  which  prevail  in  the 
county  as  to  the  mode  of  living  proper  for 
the  working  man  ;  who,  rather  than  labour 
for  wages  which  will  not  maintain  him  at 
that  established  or  customary  point  of  com- 
fort and  decency,  may  choose  to  refuse  to 
continue  a  labourer,  and  transfer  himself  to 
the  class  of  paupers."     KnigMs  England, 

As  our  author  seems  so  anxious  to  know 
what  English  Christians  have  done  for  their 
poor,  let  us  ask  his  attention  to  the  follow- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         119 


ing  figures.     They  have  done  a  large  part 
of  this : — 
The  Poor  Kates  were  in  1820  £7,329,594 

1830     8,111,422 
1835     6,356,345 
1840     5,468,699 
«  "  1845     5,543,650 

Now  $27,000,000,  to  $40,000,000,  per 
annum  is  quite  a  respectable  sum ;  but  their 
proportion  of  this,  is  only  what  they  do 
through  the  "  public  authorities."  To  this 
add,  the  untold  millions  given  away  through 
local  "societies,"  and  by  private  charity, 
and  we  shall  have  an  enormous  amount  of 
money,  as  an  evidence  of  what  these  un- 
feeling "English  Christians  have  done." 
What  they  are  especially  doing  now,  we 
have  seen  on  a  preceding  page;  where  it 
appeared  that,  whilst  the  paupers  were  in- 
dulging themselves  in  millions  of  dollars 
worth  of  rum  and  tobacco,  the  Christians, 
in  the  meantime,  were  helping  to  market 
and  keep  house  for  them. 


120  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


We  proceed  to  prove  that,  the  capital 
mistake  of  England,  has  been  the  lavish 
expenditure  of  money  for  the  poor.  The 
nation  began  to  reaUze,  that  this  profuse 
liberality,  was  a  robbery  of  the  industrious, 
and  a  demoralizer  of  the  poor.  The  evil 
had  risen  to  such  a  pitch  that,  in  1832,  the 
Crown  appointed  a  Commission  of  Inquiry, 
consisting  of  nine  persons  under  whose 
direction,  the  condition  of  every  parish  in 
England  and  Wales  was  investigated  and 
reported.  "  The  chief  reasons  upon  which 
the  new  legislation  was  founded  were  the 
burdensome  amount  of  the  poor  rates — 
the  temptation  to  improvident  habits  they 
held  out — the  superior  condition  of  the  pau- 
per to  an  independent  lahourer,  *  *  the  pay- 
ment of  wages  out  of  the  rates — the  grant- 
ing of  out  door  allowances  to  ahle  bodied 
labourers — encouragement  afforded  to  in- 
continence, by  the  allowance  granted  to 
mothers  for  the  maintenance  of  illegitimate 
children  &c."     Wade's  British  History, 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        121 


Here  is  one  strong  authority  on  our  side : 
and  now  we  shall  present  the  evidence  of 
one  who,  we  imagine,  will  have  great 
weight  with  our  author.  No  one  will  sus- 
pect Harriet  Martineau  as  a  bigoted  Christ- 
ian witness.  We  quote  from  "  The  History 
of  England  During  the  Peace."  Speaking 
of  the  inquiries  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Crown  she  tells  us : 

"  Among  a  multitude  of  painful  facts,  the 
most  mournful  was  the  pervading  and  un- 
ceasing oppression  of  virtue  and  encourage- 
ment of  vice.  The  poor-rate  had  become 
public  spoil.  The  ignorant  believed  it  an 
inexhaustible  fund  which  belonged  to  them. 
To  obtain  their  share,  the  brutal  bullied 
the  administrator,  the  profligate  exhibited 
their  bastards  which  must  be  fed,  the  idle 
folded  their  arms,  and  waited  till  they  got 
it;  ignorant  boys  and  girls  married  upon 
it;  poachers,  thieves,  and  prostitutes  ex- 
torted it  by  intimidation;  country  justices 
11 


122  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


lavished  it  for  popularity;  and  guardians  for 
convenience.  This  was  the  way  the  fund 
went.  As  for  whence  it  arose — it  came, 
more  and  more  every  year,  out  of  the 
capital  of  the  shopkeeper  and  the  farmer, 
and  the  diminishing  resources  of  the  country 
gentleman.  The  shopkeeper's  stock  and 
returns  dwindled,  as  the  farmer's  land  de- 
teriorated, and  the  gentleman's  expenditure 
contracted.  The  farmer's  sons,  waiting,  at 
the  age  of  five-and-thirty,  for  ability  to 
marry  in  comfort,  saw  in  every  ditch  and 
field  on  the  estates  lads  under  twenty, 
whose  children  were  maintained  by  the 
rates  which  were  ruining  their  employer. 
Instead  of  the  proper  number  of  labourers 
to  till  his  lands — labourers  paid  by  himself 
— the  farmer  was  compelled  to  take  double 
the  number,  whose  wages  were  paid  partly 
out  of  the  rates :  and  these  men,  being  em- 
ployed by  compulsion  on  him,  were  beyond 
his  control — worked  or  not  as  they  chose — 
let  down  the  quality  of  his  land,  and  dis- 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         123 


abled  him  from  employing  the  better  men 
who  would  have  toiled  hard  for  independ- 
ence. These  better  men  sank  down  among 
the  worse:  the  rate-paying  cottager,  after 
a  vain  struggle,  went  to  the  pay-table  to 
seek  relief:  the  modest  girl  might  starve, 
while  her  bolder  neighbour  received  Is.  6d. 
per  week  for  every  illegitimate  child. 

"Industry,  probity,  purity,  prudence — all 
heart  and  spirit — the  whole  soul  of  good- 
ness— were  melting  down  into  depravity 
and  social  ruin,  like  snow  under  the  foul 
internal  fires  which  precede  the  earth- 
quake." (Vol.  2  p.  82,  83.)  "There  were 
clergymen  in  the  commission,  as  well  as 
politicians  and  economists,' and  they  took 
these  things  to  heart,  and  laboured  dili- 
gently to  frame  suggestions  for  a  measure 
which  should  heal  and  recreate  the  moral 
spirit,  as  well  as  the  economical  condition 
of  society  in  England." 

Now  with  these  fojcts  before  him,  what 
does  the  reader  think  of  a  writer  who  can 


124  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


assert,  "  The  Church  of  England  turned 
the  poor  out  of  doors,  and  took  possession 
of  their  houses  and  goods ;  and  whilst  re- 
velling in  the  enjoyment  of  these  ill-gotten 
gains,  myriads  of  paupers,  lying  at  her 
gates,  are  suffering  the  extremities  of  sick- 
ness, nakedness,  and  want"  (p.  147)  ? 
How  much  does  the  above  picture  look  like 
"  sickness,  nakedness,  and  want?"  Miss 
Martineau  proceeds :  "  While  the  magis- 
trates were  giving  to  pauper  applicants  at 
their  own  houses  an  additional  loaf  for  every 
child,  that  loaf  was  provided  by  the  more 
high  minded  labourer,  who  toiled  to  raise 
the  rate  demanded  of  him,  while  he  and 
his  children  were  hungry  together."  (Vol.  2. 
P-84.)    _ 

Speaking  of  the  principles  which  directed 
the  inquiries  of  the  Commissioners,  she 
says :  "  In  observance  of  the  great  princi- 
ple that  the  independent  labourer  was  not 
to  be  sacrificed  to  the  pauper,  all  adminis- 
tration of  relief  to  the  able-bodied  at  their 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.        125 


f>wn  Jwuses  was  to  be  discontinued  as  soon 
as  possible ;  and  the  allowance  system  was 
put  an  end  to  entirely.  The  shameless  peti- 
tioner was  no  longer  to  carry  home  so  many 
shillings  or  loaves  for  so  many  children, 
while  his  more  honorable  neighbour  not  only 
went  without,  but  bore  part  of  the  cost." 
And  what  was  one  of  the  most  important 
measures,  which  forced  its  claims  upon  the 
attention  of  the  Commissioners  ?  Alas  for 
our  author's  theory  !  it  was  the  rigid  enforce- 
ment of  that  "  stigma  of  protestantism,"  the 
poor  house  system.  For  our  historian  pro- 
ceeds :  "  Henceforth  the  indigent  must  come 
into  the  work  house  for  relief,  if  he  must 
have  it.  There  stood  the  great  house — 
with  shelter,  clothing  and  food,  for  the  des- 
titute who  choose  to  claim  it:  but,  in  jus- 
tice to  the  independent  poor,  and  to  society 
at  large,  there  were  conditions  belonging  to 
this  relief  which  ought  never  to  have  been 
objected  to  by  reasonable  persons,  however 

irksome  they  might  and  must  be  to  the  idle, 

11* 


126  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


dissolute,  and  extremely  ignorant,  wlio  form 
a  large  proportion  of  the  pauper  class.  One 
condition  was,  that  the  able-bodied  should 
work; — should  do  a  certain  amount  of  work 
for  every  meal.  They  might  go  out  after 
the  expiration  of  twenty-four  hours;  but 
while  in  the  house  they  must  work."  (Vol. 
2  p.  84,  85.) 

This  "  stigma  of  protestantism,"  does  not 
seem  so  very  formidable  an  evil  after  all ! 
On  the  14th  of  August,  1834,  the  Poor  Law 
Amendment  Act  received  the  royal  assent, 
and  the  historian  graphically  depicts  its  re- 
sults : 

"  The  facts  which  all  men  might  know, 
if  they  would  are,  that  before  two  years 
were  out,  wages  were  rising  and  rates  were 
falling  in  the  whole  series  of  county  pa- 
rishes :  farmers  were  employing  more  la- 
bourers ;  surplus  labour  was  absorbed ;  bul- 
lying paupers  were  transformed  into  steady 
working  men ;  the  decrease  of  illegitimate 
births,  chargeable  to  the  parish  throughout 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         127 


England,  was  nearly  10,000  or  nearly  13 
per  cent;  clergymen  testified  that  they 
were  relieved  from  much  of  the  pain  and 
shame  of  having  to  celebrate  marriages 
when  the  bride  was  on  the  point  of  becom- 
ing a  mother,  or  where  the  parties  were 
mere  children,  with  no  other  prospect  than 
the  parish  pay-table ;  and,  finally,  the  rates  ^ 
which  had  risen  nearly  a  million  in  their 
annual  amount  during  the  five  years  before 
the  Poor  Law  Commission  was  issued,  sank 
down,  in  the  course  of  the  five  years  after 
it,  from  being  upwards  of  seven  millions  to 
very  little  above  four."  (Vol.  2.  p.  89.) 

To  the  same  efiect  is  the  testimony  which 
we  find  in  Wade's  British  History,  showing 
the  results  of  three  years  experience  :  ''  The 
enormous  reduction  in  parochial  expenditure 
has  been  chiefly  efiected  by  the  refusal  of 
out  door  relief  to  the  poor,  &c." 

Having  thus  fully  demonstrated  the  truth 
of  our  various  positions ;  viz  :  1st,  The  ne- 
cessity of  the  agency  of  "public  authori- 


128  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


ties;"  2ndly5  The  lavish  expenditure  of 
money  in  relief  of  the  poor ;  and,  Srdly,  the 
expediency  and  usefulness  of  the  Poor 
House  System  ;  we  shall  close  the  subject 
with  the  convincing  and  unexceptionable 
testimony  of  the  authoress  of  the  "  History 
of  England,  During  the  Thirty  Years' 
Peace." 

"  There  can  be  no  question  of  our  me- 
thods of  charity  having  improved  since  the 
publication  of  the  reports  on  which  the  re- 
form of  the  Poor  Law  was  founded.  There 
was  always  jplenty  of  alms-giving  ; — ^rone- 
ness  enough  to  Q^elieve  the  misery  which  met 
the  eye.  Now,  there  is  more  searching  into 
the  causes  of  misery,  and  a  more  widely 
spread  knowledge  that  social  misery  cannot 
he  curedy  hut  is  usually  agg7'avated  hy  alms- 
giving." (Vol.  2.  p.  714.) 

We  notice,  on  page  29,  an  implied  asser- 
tion of  a  truly  startling  character  : — ^no,  not 
"  startling  :" — we  have  become  so  accus- 
tomed to  our  author  s  Anathemas  and  Bulls 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         129 


(we  leave  the  geographical  location  of  this 
word,  whether  Kome  or  Ireland,  unex- 
plained ;)  that  we  really  find  ourselves  get- 
ting hardened.  There  is  nothing  like  a 
sound  rating,  for  an  indurating  agent.  En- 
dure rating  we  have  to ;  and  we  might  as 
well  make  ourselves  as  comfortable  as  possi- 
ble under  the  circumstances.  But "  Protest- 
ant religious  literature"  has  fallen  under  a 
sad  reproach,  when  our  author  inquires, 
where,  in  all  its  range,  shall  we  find  a  trea- 
tise upon  the  "  Love  of  God,  which  does 
justice  to  the  magnitude  of  the  subject?" 

If  our  critic  confine  himself  to  strictness 
of  terms,  the  answer  is  obvious : — there  is 
no  such  treatise  in  protestant  literature,  or 
in  any  other  literature.  To  properly  cele- 
brate the  love  of  that  august,  yet  gracious, 
Being,  not  only  human  ability,  but  the 
might  of  the  angel,  and  the  zeal  of  the 
seraph,  are,  alike,  feeble  and  inefficient.  In 
the  overwhelming  contemplation  of  that 
love  which  hath  redeemed  us  by  no  less  a 


130  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


price  than  the  effusion  of  the  blood  of  His 
only  begotten  Son,  the  loftiest  genius  feels 
that  its  strength  has  departed,  and  the  lips 
of  the  eloquent  become  dumb. 

But  this  our  author  knows,  as  well  as  we 
do  ;  and  it  is  not  in  this  sense  the  question 
is  put.  The  query  is  equivalent  to  an  asser- 
tion that,  there  is  no  treatise  upon  the  sub- 
ject, which  deserves  consideration  and  re- 
spect. It  may  be  so :  but  among  the 
hundreds  that  might  be  enumerated,  let  us 
beg  his  attention  to  the  few  cited  below : 

Byfield,  Essay  concerning  the  assurance 
of  God's  love  and  man's  salvation.  1614. 

Twisse,     Riches  of  God's  love.  1653. 

Rigge,  The  banner  of  God's  love,  and 
ensign  of  righteousness.     1657. 

Vane,  Of  the  love  of  God,  and  union 
with  God.     1657. 

Boyle.  Seraphic  love,  or  some  motives 
and  incentives  to  the  love  of  God.     1660. 

Bellamy.  Upon  the  nature  of  love  to 
God,  &c. 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"   ETC.  131 


Quarles.  God's  love — man's  un worthi- 
ness. 1684. 

Masham.  A  discourse  concerning  the 
love  of  God.  1696. 

ScotL     Concerning  the  love  of  God.  1700. 

Sheraton,  A  discourse  on  the  character 
of  God  as  love.  1805. 

Tm;pp,     God's  love-tokens.  1637. 

Gale.  A  sermon  entitled,  "  Wherein  the 
love  of  the  world  is  inconsistent  with  love 
to  God."  1774. 

The  love  of  God  to  mankind.  1720. 

Johnson.     The  love  of  God.  1758. 

Jenhins.  The  love  of  the  brethren,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  perception  of  the  love  of 
God.  1795. 

Norris.  Letters  concerning  the  love  of 
God.  1695. 

TuUy.     Divine  love  exemplified.  1741. 

Hussey.     Of  our  love  to  God.  1758. 

Kingsfm^d.  Universality  of  divine  love 
to  man. 

The  wonderful  love  of  God  to  man.  1788. 


132  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


Has  our  critic  "read,  marked,  learned, 
and  inwardly  digested,"  all  these,  and  some 
hundreds  more,  to  which  theological  libra- 
ries invite  his  perusal  ?  If  he  have  not,  he 
is  hardly  competent  to  judge  of  the  mat- 
ter. If  he  have  "weighed  them  all  in 
the  balances,  and  found  them  wanting,"  he 
must  remember  that,  in  spite  of  his  "In- 
dex Expurgatorius,"  others  will  still  con- 
tinue to  read,  to  approve,  and  to  profit. 

To  revert  for  a  moment  to  our  author's 
insulting  comparison  of  Christians'  want  of 
humanity,  as  compared  with  the  zeal  of  his 
favourite  infidel  and  socialist  reformers  : — 
we  scruple  not  to  say  that,  every  social  re- 
form, and  philanthropic  enterprise,  "  worthy 
of  the  name"  has  been  the  work  of  Chris- 
tians. 

What  have  the  "long  list  of  men,"  in- 
cluding Paine,  (whom  he  cites  as  an  ex- 
ample) whose  "  zeal  for  humanity,"  he  tells 
us,  "  made  them  infidels,  or  whose  infidelity 
begot  their  zeal  for  human  welfare" — what 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         133 

have  they  ever  done  for  the  benefit  of  the 
human  race?  In  England,  what  have 
Bolingbroke,  Shaftesbury,  Tindal,  Collins, 
Gibbon,  or  Hume,  ever  done?  In  France, 
what  have  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  Diderot,  or 
D'Alembert,  ever  done?  What  has  the 
modern  school  of  French  socialists,  ever 
done?  In  America,  what  have  Paine, 
Owen,  (thank  God  the  list  is  small,  as  yet!) 
and  their  wretched  followers,  ever  done? 

But, — to  look  for  a  moment  at  the  other 
side  of  the  picture, — Were  Wilberforce, 
Sharp,  Thornton,  and  Macaulay,  infidels? 
Were  Howard,  Fry,  Gurney,  and  the  Tukes, 
socialists?  Have  not  all  real  reformers, 
from  Father  Chrysostom,  to  Father  Mathew, 
from  Martin  Luther,  to  Henry  Martyn,  been 
Christians  ?  Did  "  zeal  for  humanity" 
make  these  men  infidels?  And  in  our 
generation,  who  are  the  men  and  the 
women  who  "willingly  offer  themselves," 
their  health,  strength,  and  substance,  upon 
the    altar    of   humanity,   but   Christians? 

12 


134  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


Who  "  visit  the  widow,  and  the  fatherless, 
in  their  affliction;" — who  penetrate  the 
lanes  and  alleys  of  our  cities,  to  relieve  the 
destitute,  and  offer  consolation  to  the  sick 
and  dying : — ^who  gather  neglected  children 
into  ragged  schools,  and  Sunday  Schools, — 
but  Christians? 

We  envy  not  the  position  of  their  tradu- 
cer.  It  is  no  desirable  title, — "  The  accuser 
of  the  brethren !"  The  "  Theme"  is  no  new 
one,  nor  is  the  title.  Both  are  as  old  as 
the  days  of  Job;  when,  at  the  imposing 
convocation  of  the  '-'sons  of  God,"  there 
appeared  an  intruder  in  their  midst,  who 
had  been  "  going  to  and  fro  in  the  earth, 
and  walking  up  and  down"  among  the  chil- 
dren of  men,  to  spy  out  their  infirmities, 
and  exaggerate  their  defects ! 

We  now  proceed  to  briefly  notice  the 
mysterious  personage  who  figures  as  the 
editor  of  this  very  remarkable  production* 
He  "comes  in  such  a  questionable  shape, 
that  we  must  speak  to  him."     He  favours 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         135 


US  with  twenty  one  lines  of  preface,  and  one 
hundred  pages  of  notes  and  bomments.  He 
enumerates  a  vast  number  of  works  upon 
poHtical  economy,  and  local  statistics.  We 
want  some  more  satisfactory  evidence  of  the 
utility  of  these  volumes,  than  their  eifect 
upon  the  mind  and  temper  of  the  author  of 
^'  New  Themes."  From  the  editor's  evident 
affinity  with  French  Socialists,  and  English 
Radicals,  we  fear  that  he  has  been  getting 
into  bad  company  without  knowing  it.  We 
are  glad  that  he  "totally  dissents  [p.  363] 
from  the  plans  of  reforming  political  insti- 
tutions which  the  socialists  have  proposed ;" 
and  we  hope  that  this  "dissent"  will  ope- 
rate to  induce  him  to  part  companionship 
from  such  unsafe  guides  :  for  he  may  be 
sure  that,  if  he  continue  the  connection, 
^^evil  is  before  hirii."  But  we  have  to  take 
the  editor  to  task  for  the  ill  service  he  does 
his  friend,  the  author,  in  his  preface.  He 
desires  us  not  to  "cast  aside  this  little  vol- 
ume, as  the  work  of  a  crude  and  unfurnished 


136  A  REVIEW  OF  "NEW  THEMES 


mind,  or  as  the  product  of  a  captious 
grumbler,  ignorant  of  the  theology  he  un- 
derrates and  incapable  of  grasping  his  sub- 
ject; or  as  the  sickly  dreams  of  a  diseased 
imagination."  Is  it  not  curious,  that  the 
one  whom  we  may  suppose  to  have  been 
the  author's  first  reader,  should  have 
thought  it  necessary  to  give  us  this  caution  ? 
What  should  we  think  of  the  friendship  to 
the  vender,  of  the  stander  by,  who  should 
desire  us,  when  we  were  making  a  purchase, 
not  to  suspect  that  the  goods  were  counter- 
feit, and  unequal  to  their  pretensions  ?  We 
should  certainly  subject  them  to  a  most 
rigid  inspection.  We  warn  the  author  to 
regard  the  editor  with  a  suspicious  eye.  For 
a  less  offence  than  this,  Gil  Bias  lost  his 
situation;  and  we  should  think  the  writer 
of  the  preface,  as  little  worthy  of  being 
editor  to  the  author  of  "New  Themes,"  as 
was  Gil  Bias  to  be  reader  to  the  "  Arch- 
bishop of  Granada."  The  author  may  well 
exclaim,  "save  me  from  my  friends!"     But 


ETC.         137 

is  he  the  author's  friend  ?  May  not  a  secret 
foe  have  stimulated  this  effusion  ?  Men,  in 
all  ages,  have  ardently  desired  that  their 
^^  enemies  should  write  books ;"  but  malice 
has  seldom  gone  so  far  as  to  insist  upon  their 
immediate  publication  ! 

But  we  cannot  excuse  our  author  thus : 
he  knows  what  he  is  doing ;  and  that  he 
"  thinks  for  himself,"  is  proved  by  his  think- 
ing so  differently  from  almost  every  one  else. 
We  understand  that  "New  Themes"  has 
had  an  extensive  sale ;  and  this  we  regard 
as  the  author's  sorest  punishment :  for  next 
to  the  misfortune  of  having  written  such  a 
book,  should  be  the  mortification  of  seeing  it 
in  print ;  and  an  extensive  circulation,  is  a 
calamity  indeed  !  That  it  should  sell  well, 
is  to  be  expected.  Men  have  a  natural 
taste  for  belligerent  demonstrations ;  and 
twenty  will  stop  to  see  a  combat,  where  one 
will  pause  to  see  two  friends  shake  hands. 

Yet  we  do  not  at  all  think  that  this  work 
will  be  without  its  uses,  though  not  exactly 


138  A  REVIEW  OF  "new  THEMES 


those  which  the  author  intended.  Teach- 
ers of  rhetoric  can  quote  its  sentences  as  an 
exemplification  of  the  difference  between 
declamation  and  argument ;  and  logicians 
can  point  to  its  pages  as  a  standing  instance 
of  the  danger  of  reasoning  in  a  circle,  and 
as  a  proof  of  the  utility  of  the  science  of  in- 
duction. Literary  aspirants  will  pause,  be- 
fore they  hastily  commit  themselves  to  the 
press ;  and  political  economists  will  dis- 
courage crude  speculations,  which  tend  to 
bring  their  name  into  disrepute.  Self  con- 
stituted judges  will  be  more  willing  to  sit 
at  the  footstool  of  experience  :  and  social 
reformers  will  not  so  readily  mistake  the 
impulses  of  zeal,  for  the  deductions  of 
knowledge.  They  will  see  here  a  melan- 
choly proof,  that  even  well  meaning  advo- 
cacy may  wound  the  cause  which  it  seeks 
to  serve ;  and  they  will,  therefore,  deem  it 
wiser  to  content  themselves  with  the  unob- 
trusive discharge  of  their  own  round  of 
duty,  and  leave  the  seat  of  "  Gamaliel"  to 


FOR  THE  PROTESTANT  CLERGY,"  ETC.         139 


those,  to  whom,  with  the  inclination,  Provi- 
dence has  also  granted  the  ability. 

We  regret  that  the  highly  respectable  in- 
dividual to  whom  report  ascribes  this  vol- 
ume, has  not  better  employed  his  leisure 
hours ;  and  we  hope  that  if  he  should  here- 
after give  us  a  continuation  of  "  New 
Themes,"  it  may  be  recommended  by  a  more 
kindly  spirit,  and  be  better  calculated  to  ad- 
vance what  he  seems  to  have  so  much  at 
heart ; — the  well  being  of  the  indigent,  and 
the  moral  and  social  improvement  of  the 
human  race. 


THE    END. 


CATALOGUE 

OF 

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LIPPINOOTT,   GRAMBO  &  CO., 

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THE  BEST  &  MOST  COMPLETE  FAMILY  COMMENTARY. 


The  Comprehensive  Commentary  on  the  Holy  Bible; 

•30NTAININa 

THE  TEXT  ACCORDING  TO  THE  AUTHORIZED  VERSION, 

BCOTT'S  MARGINAL  REFERENCES;  MATTHEW  HENRY'S  COMMENTAEIT, 

CONDENSED,    BUT    RETAINING    EVERY   USEFUL  THOUGHT;  THE 

FRACTICAL  OBSERVATIONS  OF  REV.  THOMAS  SCOTT,  D.D.; 

WITH    EXTENSIVE 

EXPLANATORY,  CRITICAL  AND  PHILOLOGICAL  NOTES, 

Selected  from  Scott,  Doddridge,  Gill,  Adam  Clarke,  Patrick,  Poole,  Lowth, 
Burder,  Harmer,  Calrnet,  Rosenmueller,  Bloomfield,  Stuart,  Bush,  Dwight, 
and  many  other  writers  on  the  Scriptures. 

The  whole  designed  to  be  a  digest  and  combination  of  the  advantages  of 
the  best  Bible  Commentaries,  and  embracing  nearly  all  that  is  valuable  in 

HENRY,  SCOTT,  AND  DODDRIDGE. 

Conveniently  arranged  for  family  and  private  reading,  and,  at  the  same  lime, 
particularly  adapted  to  the  wants  of  Sabbath-School  Teachers  and  Biblo 
Classes ;  with  numerous  useful  tables,  and  a  neatly  engraved  Family  Recoru. 

Edited  by  Rev.  William  Jenks,  D.*D., 

PASTOR  OF  GREEN  STREET  CHURCH,  BOSTON. 

Embellished  with  five  portraits,  and  other  elegant  engravings,  from  steel 
plates ;  with  several  maps  and  many  wood-cuts,  illustrative  of  Scripture 
Manners,  Customs,  Antiquities,  &c.    In  6  vols,  super-royal  8vo. 
Including  Supplement,  bound  in  cloth,  sheep,  calf,  &c.,  varying  in 
Price  from  $10  to  $15. 
The  whole  forming  the  most  valuable  as  well  as  the  cheapest  Commentary 
published  i  i  the  world, 
1 


LIFPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 
NOTICES  AND  RECOMMENDATIONS 

OF   THE 

COMPREHENSIVE  COMMENTARY. 

The  Publishers  select  the  following  from  the  testimonials  they  have  received 
as  to  the  value  of  the  work: 
We,  the  subscribers,  having  examined  the  Comprehensive  Commentary,  issued  from  the  press  of 
Messrs.  L.,  G.  <fe  Co.,  and  highly  approving  its  character,  would  cheerfully  and  confidently  recom- 
mend it  as  containing  more  matter  and  more  advantages  than  any  other  with  which  we  are 
acquainted ;  and  con.sidering  the  expense  incurred,  and  the  excellent  manner  of  its  mechanical 
execution,  we  beheve  it  to  be  one  of  the  cheapest  works  ever  issued  from  the  press.  We  hope  the 
publid^iers  will  be  sustained  by  a  hberal  patronage,  in  their  expensive  and  useful  ondertakiaff.  We 
•hould  be  pleased  tti  learn  that  every  family  in  the  United  States  had  procured  a  copy. 

B.  B.  WISNER,  D.  D.,  Secretary  of  Am.  Board  of  Com.  for  For.  Missions. 

WM.  COGSWELL,  D.  D.,      *•  "    Education  Society. 

JOHN  CODSIAN,  D.  D.,  Pastorof  Congregational  Church,  Dorchester. 

Rev.  HUBBARD  WINSLOW,  "  "        Bowdoin  street,  Dorchestei. 

Rev.  SEWALL  HARDING,  Pastor  of  T.  C.  Church,  Walthara. 

Rev.  J.  H.  FAIRCHILD,  Pastor  of  Congregational  Church,  South  Boston. 

GARDINER  SPRING,  D.  D.,  Pastor  of  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city. 

CYRUS  MASON,  D.  D.,  "    •  "  "  «  - 

THOS.  M'AULEY,  D.  D.,  "  .»  «  «  - 

JOHN  WOODBRIDGE,  D.  D.,     -  "  "  -  « 

THOS.  DEWITT,  D.  D.,  »  Dutch  Ref.        "  ••  - 

E.  W.  BALDWIN,  D.  D.,  "  »  "  -  « 

Rev.  J.  M.  xM'KREBS,  -  Presbyterian     "  «  - 

Rev.  ERSKINE  MASON,  «  «  «  u  • 

Rev.  J.  S.  SPENCER,  -  «  »         Brooklyn. 

EZRA  STILES  ELY,  D.  D.,  Stated  Clerk  of  Gen,  Assem.  of  Presbyterian  Church. 

JOHN  M'DOWELL,  D.  D.,  Permanent  "  «  .•  a 

JOHN  BRECKENRIDGE,  CoiTesponding  Secretary  of  Assembly's  Board  of  Edooatiott. 

SAMUEL  B.  WYLIE,  D.  D.,  Pastor  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church. 

N.  LORD,  D.  D.,  President  of  Dartmouth  College. 

JOSHUA  BATES,  D.  D.,  President  of  Middlebury  CoUege. 

H.  HUMPHREY,  D.  D.,  "  Amherst  College. 

E.  D.  GRIFFIN,  D.  D.,     .     "  Williamstown  College. 

J.  WHEELER,  D.  D..  "  University  of  Vermont,  at  Burlington. 

J.  M.  MATTHEWS,  D.  D.,    "  New  York  City  University. 

GEORGE  E.  PIERCE,  D.  D.,  "  Western  Reserve  College,  Ohia 

Rev.  Dr.  BROWN,  "  Jefferson  College,  Penn. 

LEONARD  WOODS,  D.  D.,  Professor  of  Trieology,  Andover  Seminary. 

THOS.  E.  SKINNER,  D.  D.,       "  Sac.  Rhet.       " 

Rev.  RALPH  EMERSON,  . "  Eccl.  Hist. 

Rev.  JOEL  PARKER,  Pastor  of  Presbyterian  Church,  New  Orleans. 

JOEL  HAWES,  D.  D.,      "  Congregational  Church,  Hartford,  Coim. 

N.  S.  S.  BEAMAN,  D.  D., «  Presbyterian  Church,  Troy,  N.  Y. 

MARK  TUCKER,  D.  D., «  "  «  «       .. 

Rev.  E.  N.  KIRK,  -  «  «        Albany,  N.  Y. 

Rev.  E.  B.  EDWARDS,  Editor  of  Quarterly  Observer. 

Rev.  STEPHEN  MASON,  Pastor  First  Congregational  Church,  Nantucket. 

Rev.  ORIN  FOWLER,  «         "  «  «        Fall  River. 

GEORGE  W.  BLTHUNE,  D.  D.,  Pastor  of  the  First  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  Hiilada. 

Rev.  LYMAN  BEECHER,  D.  D.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

Rev.  C.  D.  MALLORY,  Pastor  Baptist  Church,  Augusta,  Ga. 

Rev.  S.  RL  NOEL,'  -  «  «        Frankfort,  Ky. 


From  the  Professors  at  Princeton  TTieoloffical  Seminary. 
The  Comprehensive  Commentary  contains  the  whole  of  Henry's  Exposition  in  a  condensed  fomij 
Scott's  Practical  Observations  and  Marginal  References,  and  a  large  number  of  very  valuable  philo- 
logical and  critical  notes,  selected  from  various  authors.  The  work  appears  to  be  executed  witli 
Judgment,  fidelity,  and  care ;  and  will  furnish  a  rich  treasure  of  scriptural  knowledge  to  tke 
Biblical  student,  and  to  the  teachers  of  Sabbath-Scbools  and  Bible  Classes. 

A.  ALEXANDER,  D.  D. 
SAMUEL  MILLER,  D.  D. 
CHARLES  HODGE,  D.  D 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

t  Companion  to  t[ie^ibU. 

In  one   super-royal  volume. 

DESIGNED   TO   ACCOMPANY 

THE  FAMILY  BIBLE, 

OR  HENRY'S,  SCOTT'S,  CLARKE'S,  GILL'S,  OR  OTHER  COMMENTARIES: 

CONTAINIHO 

1.  A  new,  full,  and  complete  Concordance; 

Illustrated  with  monumental,  traditional,  and  oriental  engravings,  founded  on  Butterworth's,  with 
Cruden's  definitions ;  forming,  it  is  believed,  on  many  accounts,  a  more  valuable  work  than  either 
Butterworth,  Cruden,  or  any  other  similar  book  in  the  language. 

The  value  of  a  Concordance  is  now  generally  understood ;  and  those  who  have  used  one,  con- 
sider it  iudispcnsable  in  connection  with  the  Bible. 

2.  A  Guide  to  the  Reading  and  Study  of  the  Bible ; 

being  Carpenter's  valuable  Biblical  Companion,  lately  published  in  London,  containing  a  complete 
history  of  the  Bible,  and  forming  a  most  excellent  introduction  to  its  study.  It  embraces  the  evi» 
deuces  of  Christianity,  Jewish  antiquities,  manners,  customs,  arts,  natural  history,  <Stc.,  of  the  Bible, 
with  notes  and  engravings  added. 

3.  Complete  Biographies  of  Henry,  by  Williams;  Scott,  by  hia 
son ;  Doddridge,  by  Orton ; 

with  sketches  of  the  lives  and  characters,  and  notices  of  the  works,  of  the  writers  on  the  Scripture* 
who  are  quoted  in  the  Commentary,  Uvmg  and  dead,  American  an<l  foreign. 

Tliis  part  of  the  vplume  not  only  affords  a  large  quantify  of  interesting  and  useful  reading  for 
pious  families,  but  will  also  he  a  source  of  gratification  to  all  those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  consults 
ing  the  Commentary ;  every  one  naturally  feeling  a  desire  to  know  some  particulars  of  the  lives  and 
characters  of  those  whose  opinions  he  seeks.    Appended  to  this  part,  will  be  a 

^       BIBLIOTHECA  BIBLICA, 

or  list  of  the  best  works  on  the  Bible,  of  all  kinds,  arranged  under  their  appropriate  heads. 

4.  A  complete  Index  of  the  Matter  contained  in  the  Bible  Text. 
5.  A  Symbolical  Dictionary. 

A  very  comprehensive  and  valuable  Dictionary  of  Scripture  Symbols,  (occupying  about  fifty-six 
closely  printed  pages,)  by  Thomas  Wemyss,  (author  of  "  Biblical  Gleanings,"  ice.)  Comprising 
Daubnz,  Lancaster,  Hutcheson,  <kc. 

6.  The  Work  contains  several  other  Articles, 

Indexes,  Tables,  <kc.  Sic.,  and  is, 

7.  Illustrated  by  a  large  Plan  of  Jerusalem, 

identifying,  as  far  as  tradition,  <fec.,  go,  the  original  sites,  drawn  on  the  spot  by  F.  Catherwood,  of 
London,  architect.  Also,  two  Stuel  engravings  of  portraits  of  seven  foreign  and  eight  American 
theological  writers,  and  numerous  wood  engravings. 

The  whole  forms  a  desirable  and  necessarj-  fund  of  instruction  for  the  use  not  only  of  clergymea 
and  Sabbath-school  teachers,  but  also  for  families.  When  the  great  amount  of  matter  it  must 
contain  is  considered,  it  will  be  deemed  exceedingly  cheap. 


"  I  have  examined  '  The  Companion  to  the  Bible,'  and  have  been  surprised  to  find  so  much  inform- 
ation introduced  into  a  volume  of  so  moderate  a  size.  It  contains  a  library  of  sacred  knowledge 
and  criticism.  It  will  be  useful  to  ministers  who  own  large  libraries,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  an 
invaluable  help  to  every  reader  of  the  Bible."  HENRY  MORRIS, 

Pastor  of  Congregational  Church,  Vermont. 

The  above  work  can  be  had  in  several  styles  of  binding.    Price  varying 
from  $1  75  to  $5  (X). 

3 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  KQLY  SCRIPTURES, 

In  one  super-royal  volume. 

DERIVED  PRINCIPALLY  FROM  THE  MANNERS,  CUSTOMS,  ANTIQUITIES,  TRADITIONS, 

AND  l!X)RMS  OF  SPEECH,  RITES,  CLIMATE,  WORKS  OF  ART,  AND 

UTERATURE  OF  THE  EASTERN  NATIONS ; 

EMBODYINa    ALL   THAT   IS    VALUABLE   IN   THE    WORKS   OF 

ROBERTS,  HARIVEER,  BURDER,  FAXTON,  CHANDLER, 

And  the  most  celebrated  oriental  travellers.    Embracing  also  the  subject  of  the  Fulfilment  of 

Prophecy,  as  exhibited  by  Keith  and  others ;  with  descriptions  of  the  present  stale 

of  countries  and  places  mentioned  in  the  Sacred  Writings. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  NUMEROUS  LANDSCAPE  ENGRAVINGS, 

FEGM     SKETCHES    TAKEN    ON    THE    SPOT. 

Edited  by  Rev.  George  Bush, 

Professor  of  Hebrew  and  Oriental  Literature  in  the  New  York  City  University. 

The  importance  of  this  work  must  be  obvious,  and,  being  altogether  iUustratrve,  without  reference 
to  doctrines,  or  other  pomta  in  which  Christians  differ,  it  is  hoped  it  will  meet  with  favour  from  all 
who  love  the  sacred  volume,  and  that  it  will  be  sufficiently  interesting  and  attractive  to  recommend 
itself,  not  only  to  professed  Christians  of  aU  denominations,  but  also  to  the  general  reader.  The 
arrangement  of  the  texts  illustrated  with  the  notes,  in  the  order  of  the  chapters  and  verses  of  the 
authorized  version  of  the  Bible,  will  render  it  convenient  for  reference  to  particular  passages ; 
wliile  the  copious  Index  at  the  end  will  at  once  enable  the  reader  to  turn  to  every  subject  discussed 
in  the  volume. 

This  volume  is  not  designed  to  take  the  place  of  Commentaries,  but  is  a  distinct  department  of  biblical 
instruction,  and  mav  he  used  as  a  comparaon  to  the  Comprehensive  or  any  other  Commentary,  or  the 
Holy  Bible. 

THE  ENGRAVINGS 

In  this  volume,  it  is  believed,  will  form  no  small  part  of  its  attractions.  No  pains  have  been  spared 
to  procure  such  as  should  embellish  the  work,  and,  at  the  same  time,  illustrate  the  text.  Objec- 
tions that  have  been  made  to  the  pictures  commonly  introduced  into  the  Bible,  as  being  mere  crea- 
tions of  fancy  and  the  imagination,  oflen  unlike  nature,  and  frequently  conveying  false  impressions, 
cannot  be  urged  against  the  pictorial  illustrations  of  this  volume.  Here  the  fine  arts  are  made 
Bubservienl  to  utility,  the  landscape  views  being,  without  an  exception,  matter-ofi-fact  views  of  places 
mentumed  in  Scripture,  as  they  appear  at  the  present  day ;  thus  in  many  instances  exhibiting,  in  the 
most  forcible  manner,  to  the  eye,  the  strict  and  literal  fulfilment  of  the  remarkable  prophecies ;  "  the 
present  ruined  and  desolate  condition  of  the  cities  of  Babylon,  Nineveh,  Sclah,  im.,  and  the  coun- 
tries of  Edom  and  Egypt,  are  astonishing  examples,  and  so  completely  exemplify,  in  the  most 
minute  particulars,  every  thing  which  was  foretold  of  them  in  the  height  of  their  prosperity,  that 
no  better  description  can  now  be  given  of  them  than  a  simple  quotation  from  a  chapter  Sind  verse 
of  the  Bible  written  nearly  two  or  three  thousand  years  ago."  The  publishers  are  enabled  to  select 
from  several  collections  lately  pubLshed  in  Ixmdon,  the  proprietor  of  one  of  which  say*  that  "  seve> 
ral  distinguished  travellers  have  aflforded  him  tlie  use  of  nearly  Three  Hundred  Original  Sketches" 
of  Scripture  places,  made  upon  the  spot.  "  The  land  of  Palestine,  it  is  well  known,  abounds  in 
scenes  of  the  most  picturesque  beauty.  Sjrria  comprehends  the  snowy  heights  of  Lebanon,  and  the 
majestic  ruins  of  Tadmor  and  Baalbec." 
The  above  work  can  be  had  m  various  styles  of  binding. 

Price  from  $1  50  to  $5  00. 

THE  ILLUSTRATED  CONCORDANCE, 

In  one  volume,  royal  8vo. 

A  new,  full,  and  complete  Concordance ;  illustrated  with  monumental,  traditional,  and  oriental 
engravings,  founded  on  Butterworth's,  with  Cruden's  definitions ;  forming,  it  is  believed,  on  many 
accounts,  a  more  valuable  work  than  either  Butterworth,  Cruden,  or  any  other  similar  book  in  the 
language. 

The  value  of  a  Concordance  is  now  generally  understood  ;  and  those  who  have  used  one,^ooB- 
Bider  it  indispensable  in  connection  with  the  Bible.  Some  of  the  many  advantages  the  Illustrated 
Concordance  has  over  all  the  others,  are,  that  it  contains  near  two  hundred  appropriate  engravings : 
it  is  printed  on  fine  white  paper,  vrtth  beautiful  large  type. 

Price  One  Dollar. 
4 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

■ 

LIPPINCOTT'S  EDITION  OF 

BAGSTER'S  COMPREHENSIVE  BIBLE. 

In  order  to  develope  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  Comprehensive  Bible,  it  will  only  be  necessary 
to  embrace  its  more  prominent  fcHtures. 

1st.  The  SACRED  TEXT  is  that  of  the  Aiithorized  Version,  and  is  printed  from  the  edition  eoc- 
rected  and  improved  by  Dr.  Blauey,  which,  from  its  accuracy,  is  considered  the  standard  edition. 

2d.  The  VARIOUS  READINGS  are  faithfully  printed  from  the  edition  of  Dr.  Blaney,  inclusive 
of  the  translation  of  the  proper  names,  without  the  addition  or  diminution  of  one. 

3d.  In  the  CHRONOLOGY,  great  care  has  been  taken  to  fix  the  date  of  the  particular  transac- 
tions, which  has  seldom  been  done  with  any  degree  of  exactness  in  any  former  edition  of  the  Bible. 

4th.  The  NOTES  are  exclusively  philological  and  explanatory,  and  are  not  tinctured  with  senti- 
ments of  any  sect  or  party.  They  are  selected  from  the  most  eminent  Biblical  critics  and  com- 
mentators. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  edition  of  the  Holy  Bible  will  be  found  to  contain  the  essence  of  Biblical 
research  and  criticism,  that  lies  dispersed  through  an  immense  number  of  volumes. 

Such  is  the  nat\ire  and  design  of  this  edition  of  the  Sacred  Volume,  which,  from  the  various 
objects  it  embraces,  the  freedom  of  its  pages  from  all  sectarian  peculiarities,  and  the  beauty,  plain- 
ness, and  correctness  of  the  typography,  that  it  cannot  fail  of  proving  acceptable  and  useful  to 
Christians  of  every  denomination. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  references  to  parallel  passages,  which  are  quite  full  and  numerous,  the 
student  has  all  the  marginal  readings,  together  with  a  rich  selection  of  Philological,  Critical,  Histo- 
rical, Ocographical,  and  other  valuable  notes  and  remarks,  which  explain  and  illustrate  the  sacred 
text.  Besides  the  general  introduction,  containing  valuable  essays  on  the  genuineness,  authenticity, 
and  inspiration  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  other  topics  of  interest,  there  are  introductory  and  con- 
cluding remarks  to  each  book— a  table  of  tlie  contents  of  the  Bible,  by  which  the  different  portions 
are  so  arranged  as  to  rejul  in  an  historical  order. 

Arranged  at  the  top  of  each  page  is  the  period  in  which  the  prominent  events  of  sacred  history 
took  place.  The  calculations  are  made  for  the  year  of  the  world  before  and  after  Christ,  Julian 
Period,  the  year  of  the  Olympiad,  the  year  of  the  building  of  Rome,  and  other  notations  of  time. 
At  the  close  is  inserted^  Chronological  Index  of  the  Bible,  according  to  the  computation  of  Arch- 
bishop Ussher.  Also,  a  full  and  vduable  index  of  the  subjects  contained  in  the  Old  and  New  Testa* 
ments,  with  a  careful  analysis  and  arrangement  of  texts  under  their  appropriate  subjects. 

Mr.  Greenfield,  the  editor  of  this  work,  and  for  some  time  previous  to  his  death  the  superintend- 
ent of  the  editorial  department  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  was  a  most  extraordinary 
man.  In  editing  the  Comprehensive  Bible,  his  varied  and  extensive  learning  was  called  into  suc- 
cessful exercise,  and  appears  ui  happy  combination  with  sincere  piety  and  a  sound  judgment.  The 
Editor  of  the  Christian  Observer,  alluding  to  this  work,  in  an  obituary  notice  of  its  author,  speaks 
of  it  as  a  work  of  "  pnxligious  labour  aiid  research,  at  once  exhibiting  his  varied  talents  and  pro- 
found erudition." 


LIPPINCOTT'S  EDITION  OF 

THE  OXFORD  QUARTO  BIBLE. 

The  Publishers  have  spared  neitlier  care  nor  expense  in  their  edition  of  the  Bible;  it  is  printed 
en  the  finest  white  vellum  paper,  with  large  and  beautiful  type,  and  bound  in  the  most  substantial 
and  splendid  manner,  in  the  following  styles :  Velvet,  with  richly  gilt  ornaments ;  Turkey  super 
ej:tra,  with  gilt  clasps ;  and  in  numerous  others,  to  suit  the  taste  of  the  most  fastidious. 

OPINIONS   OF   THE   PKESS. 

"In  our  opinion,  the  Christian  public  generally  will  feel  under  great  obligations  to  the  publishers 
of  this  work  for  lhe'l)eautiful  taste,  arrangement,  and  delicate  neatness  with  which  they  have  got 
it  out.  The  intrinsic  merit  of  the  Bible  recommends  itself;  it  needs  no  tinsel  ornament  to  a«lorn 
its  sacred  pages.  In  this  edition  every  superfluous  ornament  has  been  avoided,  and  we  have  pre- 
sented us  a  perfectly  chaste  specimen  of  the  Bible,  without  note  or  comment.  It  appears  to  be  just 
what  is  nee<led  in  every  family — 'the  unsophisticated  word  of  God.* 

"  The  size  is  (juaito,  printed  with  beautiful  type,  on  white,  sized  vellum  paper,  of  the  finest  texture 
and  most  beautiful  surface.  The  publishers  seem  to  have  been  solicitous  to  make  a  perfectly 
unique  book,  and  they  have  accomplished  the  object  very  successfully.  We  trust  that  a  liberal 
Cfimniunity  will  afford  them  ample  remuneration  for  all  the  expense  and  outlay  they  have  necessa- 
rily incurred  in  its  publication.     It  is  a  standard  Bible. 

"The  publishers  are  Messrs.  Lippincott,  Grambo  <k  Co.,  No.  14  North  Fourth  street,  Philadel- 
phia." —  Baptist  Record. 

"A  beautiful  quarto  edition  of  the  Bible,  by  L.,  G.  &  Co.    Nothing  can  exceed  the  type  in  clear 
ness  and  beauty ;  the  paper  is  of  the  finest  texture,  and  the  whole  executi<m  is  exceeuingly  neat. 
No  illustrations  or  ornamental  type  are  used.    Those  who  prefer  a  Bible  executed  in  perfect  sim- 
plicity, yet  elegance  of  style,  without  adornment,  will  probably  never  find  one  more  to  their  tast»  " 
■  •*'Ai.  Mayazine. 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 
LIPPINCOTT'S  EDITIONS  OF 

THE   HOLY   BIBLE. 

SIX   DIFFERENT  SIZES. 

Printed  in  the  best  manner,  witii  beautiful  tj'pe,  on  the  finest  sized  paper,  and  bound  in  the  mort 
splendid  and  substantial  styles.  Warranted  to  be  correct,  and  equal  to  the  best  English  editions,  at 
much  less  price.  To  be  had  with  or  without  plates ;  the  publishers  having  supplied  themselves  with 
over  fifty  steel  engravings,  by  the  first  artists. 

Baxter's  Comprehensive  Bible, 

Royal  quarto,  containing  the  various  readings  and  marginal  notes ;  disquisitions  on  the  genuineness, 
authenticity,  and  inspiration  of  the  Holy  Scriptures ;  introductory  and  concluding  remarks  to  each 
book ;  philological  and  explanatory  notes ;  table  ol  contents,  arranged  in  historical  order ;  a  cliro- 
nological  index,  and  various  other  matter ;  forming  a  suitable  book  for  the  study  of  clergymen, 
Sabbath-school  teachers,  and  students. 

In  neat  plain  bmding,  from  $4  00  to  $.*;  00.  — In  Turkey  morocco,  extra,  gilt  edges,  from  18  00  to 
•12  00.  —In  do.,  with  splendid  plates,  110  00  to  $15  00.  —  In  do.,  bevelled  side,  gilt  clasps  and  illii- 
minations,  $15  00  to  J25  00. 

The  Oxford  Quarto  Bible, 

Without  note  or  comment,  universally  admitted  to  be  tlie  most  beautiful  Bible  extant. 
In  neat  plain  binding,  from  $4  00  to  $5  00.  —  In  Turkey  morocco,  extra,  gilt  edges,  $8  00  to  $12  00. 
—  In  do.,  with  steel  engravings,  $10  00  to  $15  00. —  In  do.,  clasps,  (tc,  with  plates  and  illuminar 
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Crown  Octavo  Bible, 

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with  gilt  ornaments,  $5  00  to  $10  00, 

The  Sunday-School  Teacher's  Polyglot  Bible,  with  Maps,  &c., 

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The  Oxford  18mo.,  or  Pew  Bible, 

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ments,  $3  50  to  $8  00. 

Agate  32mo.  Bible, 

Printed  with  larger  type  than  any  other  small  or  pocket  edition  extant. 
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gilt  clasps,  $2  50  to  $3  50.  — In  velvet,  with  rich  gilt  ornaments,  $3  00  to  $7  00. 

82mo.  Diamond  Pocket  Bible; 

The  neatest,  smallest,  and  cheapest  edition  of  the  Bible  published 
In  neat  plain  binding,  from  30  to  50  cents.— In  tucks,  or  pocket-book  style, 60  cents  to  $1  00.- 
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gilt  clasps,  $1  50  to  $2  00.— In  velvet,  with  richly  gilt  oniaments,  $2  50  to  $6  00. 


CONSTANTLY  ON  HAND, 

A  kirge  assortment  of  BIBLES,  bound  in  the  most  splendid  and  costly  styles,  with  gold  and  silvei 
ornaments,  suitable  for  presentation;  ranging  in  price  from  $10  00  to  $100  00. 
A  liberal  discount  made  to  Booksellers  and  Agents  by  the  Publishers. 

ENCYCLOP/EDIA  OF  RELIGIOUS  KNOWLEDGE; 

or.,  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  BIBLE,  THEOLOGY,  RELIGIOUS  BIOGRAPHY,  ALL  RELIGIONS, 
ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY,  AND  MISSIONS. 
Designed  as  a  complete  Book  of  Reference  on  all  Religious  Subjects,  and  Companion  to  the  Bible; 
lorming  a  cheap  and  compact  Library  of  Religious  Knowledge.  Edited  by  Rev.  J.  NewtoH  Brown, 
Illustrated  by  wood-cuts,  maps,  and  engravings  an 'copper  and  steel.  In  one  volume,  royal  Svo. 
Price.  $4  00.  p 

6 


LIPPINCOTT,  QRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

Lippincott's  Standard  Editions  of 

THE  BOOK  OF  COMMON  PRAYER. 

IN  SIX  DIFFERENT  SIZES. 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH  A  NUMBER  OF  STEEL  PLATES  AND  ILLUMINATIONS. 

COMPREHENDiNQ     THE    MOST    VARIED    AND    SPLENDID    ASSORTMENT    IN    THB 

UNITED   STATES. 


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THE   BIBLE  AND   PRAYER-BOOK, 

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The  Errors  of  Modern  Infidelity  Illustrated  and  Refuted. 

BY  S.  JVC.  SCHIVIUOKER,  A.  IVT. 

In  one  volume,  12mo. ;  cloth.     Just  published. 

We  cannot  but  regard  this  work,  in  whatever  light  we  view  it  in  reference  to  its  design,  as  one 
of  the  most  masterly  productions  of  the  age,  and  fitted  to  uproot  one  of  the  most  fondly  cherished 
and  dangerous  of  ail  ancient  or  modem  errors.  God  must  bless  such  a  work,  armed  with  his  own 
truth,  and  doing  fierce  and  successful  battle  against  black  infidelity,  which  would  bring  His  Majesty 
aad  Word  down  to  the  tribunal  of  human  reason,  for  condemnation  and  annihilation.— 4U>.  Spectator 


IIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

CONSISTING    OF 

ANECDOTES  ILLUSTRATIVE  OF  TKE  CHARACTER  OF  MINISTERS  OF  REL^ 
GION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

BY   JOSEPH  BELCHER,   D.  D., 

Editor  of  "The  Complete  Works  of  Andrew  Fuller,"  "Robert  Hall,"  &c. 

"This  very  interestinar  and  instructive  co'.lection  of  p1easinj»  and  solemn  remembrances  o(  many 
pious  men,  illustrates  the  character  of  the  day  in  which  they  lived,  and  defines  the  men  iwa» 
clearly  tlian  very  elaborate  essays."  —  Baltimore  American. 

"We  regard  the  coUectioa  as  highly  interesting,  and  judiciously  maCie ."— Presbyterian. 

JOSEPHUS'S  (FLAVIUS)  WORKS, 

FAMILY    EDITION. 
BY  THE  LATE  -WILLIAIVI  WHISTOST,  A.  M. 

FROM  THE  LAST  LONDON  EDITION,  COMPLETE. 

One  volume,  beautifully  illustrated  with  Steel  Plates,  and  the  only  readable  editi(»i 

published  in  this  country. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  every  family  in  our  country  has  a  copy  of  the  Holy  Bible ;  and  as  the  pre- 
tunr.ption  is  that  the  greater  portion  often  consult  its  payres,  we  take  the  liberty  of  saying  to  all  those 
that  do,  that  the  perusal  of  the  writings  of  Josephus  will  be  found  very  interesting  and  instructive. 

All  those  who  wish  to  possess  a  beautiful  and  correct  copy  of  this  valuable  work,  would  do  well 
to  purchase  this  edition.  It  is  for  sale  at  all  the  principal  bookstores  in  the  United  States,  and  hf 
uKintry  merchants  generally  in  the  Southern  axA  Western  Slates. 

Also,  the  above  work  in  two  volumes. 


BURDER^S  VILLAGE  SERMONS; 

Or,  101  Plain  and  Short  Discourses  on  the  Principal  Doctrines  of  the  Gospel. 

INTENDED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  FAMILIES,  SUNDAY-SCHOOLS,  OR  COMPANIES  ASSSM- 
BLED  FOR  RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION  IN  COUNTRY  VILLAGES. 

BY  GEORGE  BURDER.  , 

To  which  is  added  to  each  Sermon,  a  Short  Prayer,  with  some  General  Prayers  for  Familiee, 
Schools,  <kc.,  at  the  end  of  the  work. 
COMPLETE    IN    ONE    VOLUME,    OCTAVO. 
These  sermons,  which  are  characterized  by  a  beautiful  simplicity,  the  entire  alxsence  of  contro- 
versy, and  a  true  evangelical  spirit,  have  gone  through  many  and  large  editions,  and  been  translated 
mto  several  of  the  continental  languages.    "  They  have  also  been  the  honoured  means  not  only  of 
eonverting  many  individuals,  but  also  of  introducing  the  Gospel  into  districts,  and  even  iato  parish 
ehurches,  where  before  it  was  comparatively  unknown." 
"  This  work  fully  deserves  the  immortality  it  has  attained." 

This  is  a  fine  library  edition  of  this  invaluable  work ;  and  when  we  say  that  it  should  be  found  in 
the  possession  of  every  family,  we  only  reiterate  the  sentiments  and  sincere  wishes  of  ail  who  take 
•  deep  interest  in  the  eternal  welfare  of  mankind. 


FAMILY  PRAYERS   AND  HYMNS, 

ADAPTED  TO  FAMILY  WORSHIP, 
AND 

TABLES  FOR  THE  REGULAR  READING  OF  THE  SCRIPTURES. 

By  Rev.  S.  C.  Winchester,  A.  M., 

Late  Pastor  of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia ;  and  the  Presbyterian  Chnrcli  m 

Natchez,  Miss. 

One  volume,   12mo. 


IIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

SPLENDID  LIBRARY  EDITIONS. 


ILLUSTRATED  STANDARD  POETS. 

ELEGANTLY   PRINTED,  ON   FINE   PAPER,  AND   UNIFORM   IN  SIZE  AND 

STYLE. 


Tlie  following  E<litions  of  Standard  British  Poets  are  illustrated  with  numerous  Sle«l 

Engravings,  and  may  be  had  in  all  varieties  of  binding. 

BYRON'S  WORKS. 

COMPLETE   IN   ONE    VOLU M E ,    O CT A VO . 

INCLUDING  ALL  HIS  SUPPRESSED  AND  ATTRIBUTED  POEMS ;  WITH  SIX  BEAUTIFUL 
ENGRAVINGS. 
This  edition  has  been  carefully  compared  with  the  recent  London  edition  of  Mr.  Murray,  and 
made  conipieie  by  the  addition  of  more  than  fifty  pag;es  of,  poems  heretofore  unpublished  in  Eng- 
land. Among  these  there -are  a  number  that  have  never  appeared  in  any  American  edition;  and 
the  publishers  believe  they  are  warranted  in  saying  that  tlus  is  the  most  complete  edition  of  Lord 
Byron's  Poetical  Works  ever  published  in  the  United  States. 


€\)t  l^oetiml  3Borb  nf  Mts,  lemons. 

Complete  in  one  volume,  octavo ;  with  seven  beautiful  Engravings. 

This  is  a  new  and  complete  edition,  with  a  splendid  engraved  likeness  of  Mrs.  Hemans,  on  steel, 
and  contains  all  the  Poems  in  the  last  London  and  Ameriqan  editions.  With  a  Critical  Preface  by 
Mr.  Thatcher,  of  Boston. 

"As  no  work  in  the  English  language  can  be  commended  with  more  confidence,  it  will  argue  bad 
taste  m  a  female  in  this  country  to  be  without  a  complete  edition  of  the  writings  of  one  who  waa 
an  honour  to  her  sex  and  to  humanity,  and  whose  productions,  from  first  to  last,  contain  no  syllable  . 
calculated  to  call  a  blush  to  the  cheek  of  modesty  and  virtue.  There  is,  moreover,  in  Mrs.  Hemans'a 
poetry,  -a  moral  purity  and  a  religious  feeling  which  commend  it,  in  an  especial  manner,  to  the  dis- 
criminating reader.  No  parent  or  guardian  will  be  under  the  necessityjof  imposing  restrictions 
with  regard  to  the  free  perusal  of  every  production  emanating  from  this  gifted  woman.  There 
breathes  throughout  the  whole  a  most  eminent  exemption  from  impropriety  of  thought  or  diction ; 
and  there  is  at  times  a  pensiveness  of  tone,  a  winning  sadness  in  her  more  serious  compositions, 
which  tells  of  a  soul  wliich  has  been  lifted  from  the  contemplation  of  terrestrial  things,  to  divine 
Komraunings  with  beings  of  a  purer  world." 


MILTON,  YOUNG,  GRAY,  BEATTIE,  AND  COLLINS'S 
POETICAL  WORKS. 

COMPLETE   IN    ONE    VOLUME,  OCTAVO. 
WITH  SIX  BEAUTIFUL   ENGRAVINGS. 


COMrLETB   IN    ONE    VOLUME,  OCTAVO. 

Including  two  hundred  and  fifty  Letters,  and  sundry  Poems  of  Cowper,  never  before  published  ie 

this  country ;  and  of  Thomson  a  new  and  interesting  Memoir,  and  upwards  of  twenty 

new  Poems,  for  the  first  time  printed  from  his  own  Manuscripts,  taken  from 

a  late  Edition  of  the  Aldine  Poets,  now  publishing  in  London. 

WITH   SEVEN  BEAUTIFUL  ENGRAVINGS, 

The  distinguished  Profes.sor  Silliman,  speaking  of  this  edition,  observes :  "  I  am  as  much  gratifiea 
by  the  elegance  and  fine  taste  of  your  edition,  as  by  the  noble  tribute  of  genius  and  moral  «xc«l- 
lence  which  these  delightful  authors  have  left  for  all  future  generations  ;  and  Cowper,  espjutially, 
is  not  less  conspicuous  as  a  true  Christian,  mwalist  and  teacher,  than  as  a  poet  of  great  poww  and 
exquisite  taste." 


LIPPINCOTT,  GEAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OF  ROGERS,  CAMPBELL,  MONTGOMERY, 
LAMB,  AND  KIRKE  WHITE. 

COMPLETS  IN  ONK  VOLUME,    OCTAVO. 
WITH    SIX   BEAUTIFUL    ENGRAVINGS. 

The  beauty,  correctness,  and  convenience  of  this  favourite  edition  of  these  standard  authors  arc 
•o  well  known,  that  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add  a  word  in  its  favour.  It  is  only  necessary  to  say, 
that  the  publishers  have  now  issued  an  illustrated  edition,  which  greatly  enhances  its  former  valoe. 
The  engravings  are  excellent  and  well  selected.    It  is  the  best  library  edition  extant. 


CRABBE,  HEBER,  AND  POLLOK'S  POETICAL  WORKS. 

COMPLETE    IN    ONE   VOLUME,  OCTAVO. 
WITH   SIX   BEAUTIFUL   ENGRAVINGS. 

A  writer  in  the  Boston  Traveller  holds  the  following  language  with  reference  to  these  valuable 
editions : — 

**  Mr.  Editor :  —  I  wish,  without  any  idea  of  puffing,  to  say  a  word  or  two  upon  the  '  Library  of 
English  Poets'  thnt  is  now  published  at  Philadelphia,  by  Lippincott,  Grambo  <t  Co.  It  is  certainly, 
taking  into  consideration  the  elegant  manner  in  which  it  is  printed,  and  the  reasonable  price  at 
which  it  is  afforded  to  purchasers,  the  best  edition  of  the  modem  British  Poets  that  has  ever  beea 
published  in  this  country.  Each  volume  is  an  octavo  of  about  500  pages,  double  columns,  steneo- 
typed,  and  accompanied  vnth  fine  engravings  and  biographical  sketches ;  and  most  of  them  are 
reprinted  from  Galignani's  French  edition.  As  to  its  value,  we  need  only  mention  that  it  contains 
the  entire  works  of  Montgomery,  Gray,  Beattie,  Collins,  Byron,  Cowper,  Thomson,  Milton,  Voung, 
Kogers,  Campbell,  Lamb,  Hemans,  Heber,  Kirke  White,  Crabbe,  the  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Gold- 
smith, and  other  masters  of  the  lyre.  The  publishers  are  doing  a  great  service  by  their  publication, 
and  their  volumes  are  almost  in  as  great  demand  as  the  fashionable  novels  of  the  day ;  and  they 
deserve  to  be  so :  for  they  are  certainly  printed  in  a  style  superior  to  that  in  which  we  have  before 
had  the  works  of  the  English  Poets." 

No  library  can  be  considered  complete  without  a  copy  of  the  above  beautiful  and  cheap  editions 
of  the  English  Poets ;  and  persons  ordering  all  or  any  of  them,  will  please  say  Lippincott,  Grambo 
A  Co.'s  illustrated  editions. 


A    COMPLETE 

lirtinnnri]  of  ^mlml  <hmMms: 

COMPRISING  THE  MOST  EXCELLENT  AND  APPROPRIATE  PASSAGES  IN 
THE  OLD  BRITISH  POETS;  WITH  CHOICE  AND  COPIOUS  SELEC- 
TIONS FROM  THE  BEST  MODERN  BRITISH  AND 
AMERICAN  POETS. 
EDITED   BY   SARAH   JOSEPHA   HALE. 
As  nightingales  do  upon  glow-worms  feed, 
So  poets  live  upon  the  living  light 
Of  Nature  and  of  Beauty. 

BaHey's  Festus. 

Beautifully  illustrated  with  Engravings.    In  one  euper-royal  octavo  volume,  in  various 

bindings. 

The  publishers  extract,  from  the  many  highly  complimentary  notices  of  the  above  valuable  and 
beautiful  work,  the  following : 

"  We  have  at  last  a  volume  of  Poetical  Quotations  worthy  of  the  name.  It  contains  nearly  six 
hundred  octavo  pages,  carefully  and  tastefully  selected  from  all  the  home  and  foreign  authors  of 
celebrity.  It  is  mvaluable  to  a  writer,  wliile  to  the  ordinary  reader  it  presents  every  subject  at  a 
glance." —  Godey^s  Lady's  Book. 

"  The  plan  or  idea  of  Mrs.  Hale's  work  is  felicitous.  It  is  one  for  which  her  fine  taste,  her  orderly 
habits  of  mind,  and  her  long  occupation  with  literature,  has  given  her  peculiar  facilities ;  and  tho- 
roughly has  she  accomplished  her  task  in  the  work  before  \is."  —  Sar lam's  Magazine. 

"It  is  a  choice  collection  of  poetical  extracts  from  every  English  and  American  author  worth 
perusing,  froto  the  days  of  Chaucer  to  the  present  time."  —Washington  Union. 

**  There  is  nothing  negative  about  this  work ;  it  is  positively  good."—  Evening  Bulletin. 

10 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONa 

THE  DIAMOND  E_DjJION  OF  BYRON. 
THE  POETICAL  WORKS  OE  LORD  BYRON, 

"WITH   A   SKETCH    OF    HIS   LIFE. 

COMPLETE!   IN    ONF  NSAT   DUODECIMO   VOLUME,  WITH    STEEL   PLATES. 

The  type  of  this  etJition  is  so  perfect,  and  it  is  printed  with  so  much  care,  on  fine  white  paper, 
that  it  can  be  read  with  as  much  ease  as  most  of  the  largrer  editions.  This  work  is  to  be  had  ia 
phiin  and  superb  bindiuR,  making  a  beautiful  volume  for  a  g^ift. 

"  The  Poetical  Works  of  Lord  Byron,  complete  in  one  volume  :  published  by  L.,  6.  <fe  Co.,  Phila' 
delphia.  We  hazard  nothinjr  in  saying:  that,  take  it  altogether,  this  is  the  most  elegant  work  ever 
issued  from  the  American  press. 

"'In  a  single  volume,  not  larger  than  an  ordinary  duodecimo,  the  publishers  have  embraced  th« 
whole  of  Lord  Byron's  Poems,  tisually  printed  in  ten  or  twelve  volumes ;  and,  what  is  more  remark- 
able, have  done  it  with  a  type  so  clear  and  distinct,  that,  notwithstanding  its  necessarily  small  size, 
it  may  be  read  with  the  utmost  facility,  even  bv  failing  eyes.  The  book  is  stereotyped  ;  and  never 
have  we  seen  a  finer  specunen  of  that  art.  ilverythiug  about  it  is  perfect  —  the  paper,  the  print- 
ing, the  binding,  all  corresi>ond  with  each  other ;  and  it  is  embelhshed  with  two  fine  engravings, 
well  worthy  the  companionship  in  which  they  are  placed. 

"  '  This  will  make  a  beautiful  Christmas  present.' 

"  We  extract  the  above  from  Godey's  Lady's  Book.  The  notice  itself,  we  are  given  to  understand, 
is  written  by  Mrs.  Hale. 

"  We  have  to  add  our  commendation  in  favour  of  this  beautiful  volume,  a  copy  of  which  has 
been  sent  us  by  the  publishers.  The  admirers  of  the  noble  bard  will  feel  obliged  to  the  enterprise 
which  has  |)rompted  the  publishers  to  dare  a  competition  with  the  numerous  editions  of  his  works 
already  in  circulation;  and  wc  shall  be  surprised  if  this  convenient  traveUing  edition  does  not  in  a 
great  degree  supersede  the  use  of  the  large  octavo  works,  which  have  little  advantage  in  size  ana 
openness  of  type,  and  are  much  inferior  in  the  qualities  of  portability  and  Ughtness."  —  Intelligencer. 


THE  DIAIVIOND   EDITION  OF  MOORE. 

(CORRESPONDINQ   WITH    BYRON.) 

THE  POETICAL  WORKSHOP  THOMAS  MOORE, 

COLLECTED  BY  HIMSELF. 

COMPLETE   IN  ONE  VOLUME. 

Tnis  work  is  published  uniform  with  Byron,  from  the  last  London  edition,  and  is  the  most  com- 
plete printed  in  the  country. 

THE  DIAMOND   EDITION  OF  SHAKSPEARE, 

(complete    in    ONE    VOLUME,) 

z2srci.xjDi£a-a  a.  sicbtcbl  of  his  ZiIfs. 

UNIFORM  WITH  BYRON  AND  MOORE. 
THE   ABOVE   WORKS   CAN   BE    HAD   IN    SEVERAt    VARIETIES    OF   BINDING. 

GOLDSMITH'S  ANIMATED  NATURE. 

IN   TWO   VOLUMES,   OCTAVO. 

BEAUTIFULLY  ILLUSTRATED  WITH  385  PLATES. 

CONTAINING  A  HISTORY  OF  THE  EARTH,  ANIMALS,  BIRDS,  AND   FISHES;   FORMING 

THE  MOST  COMPLETE  NATURAL  HISTORY  EVER  PUBLISHED. 

This  is  a  work  that  should  be  in  the  library  of  every  family,  having  been  written  by  one  of  the 

most  talented  authors  in  the  English  language. 

"  Goldsmith  can  never  be  made  obsolete  while  delicate  genius,  exquisite  feeling,  fine  inventiw^ 
the  most  harmonious  metre,  and  the  liappiest  diction,  are  at  all  valued." 

BIGLAND'S  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Of  Animal*,  Birds,  Fishes,  Reptiles,  and  Insects.    Illustrated  with  numerous  and  beautiful  Engrav 

ings.    By  JOHN  BIGLAND,  author  of  a  "  View  of  the  World,"  "  Letters  on 

Uaiversal  History,"  (ke.    Complete  in  1  vol,.  12nK>. 

11 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

THE  POWER  AND  PROGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  UNITED  STATES;  Its  Power  and  Progress. 

BY   GUIIiLAU3VIE    TELL  POUSSIN, 

LATE  MINISTER  OF  THE  REPUBLIC  OF  FRANCE  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

FIRST  AMERICAN,  FROM  THE  THIRD  PARIS  EDITION. 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  FRENCH  BY  EDMOND  L.  DU  BARRY,  M.  D., 

SURGEON  U.  S.  NAVY. 

In  one  large  octavo  volume. 


SCHOOLCRAFT'S  GREAT  NATIONAL  WORK  ON  THE  INDIAN  TRIBES  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WITH   BEAUTIFUL   AND    ACCURATE    COLOURED    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


HISTORICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  INFORMATION 

•RESPBCTING    THE 

HISTORY,  CONDITION  AND  PROSPECTS 

OF   THE 

inblau €nh3 dWjt^nlUh  $hUs, 

COLLECTED  AND  PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  INDIAN 
AFFAIRS,  PER  ACT  OF  MARCH  3,  1847, 

BIT  SZIXTRir  B.  SCHOOZiCRiLFT,  X.Z..D. 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  S.  EASTMAN,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 
PUBLISHED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF  CONGRESS. 

THE  AMERICAN  GARDENERS  CALENDAR, 

ADAPTED  TO  THE  CLIMATE  AND  SEASONS  OF  THE  LT^ITED  STATES. 

Containing  a  complete  account  of  all  the  work  necessary  to  be  done  in  the  Kitchen  Garden,  Frait 
Garden,  Orchard,  Vineyard,  Nursery,  Pleasure-Ground,  Flower  Garden,  Green-house,  Hot-house, 
and  Forcing  Frames,  for  every  month  in  the  year ;  with  ample  Practical  Directions  for  performing 
the  same. 

Also,  general  as  well  as  minute  instructions  for  laying  out  or  erecting  each  and  every  of  the  above 
departments,  according  to  modern  taste  and  the  most  approved  plans ;  the  Ornamental  Planting  of 
Pleasure  Grounds,  in  the  ancient  and  modern  style ;  the  cultivation  of  Thorn  Quicks,  and  other 
plants  suitable  for  Live  Hedges,  with  the  best  methods  of  making  them,  6lc.  To  which  are  annexe 
catalogues  of  Kitchen  Garden  Plants  and  Herbs;  Aromatic,  Pot,  and  Sweet  Herbs;  Medicinal 
Plants,  and  the  most  important  Grapes,  &c.,  used  in  rural  economy;  with  the  soil  best  adapted  to 
tlieir  cultivation.    Together  with  a  copious  Index  to  the  body  of  the  work. 

BY  BERNARD   M'MAHON. 
Tenth  Edition,  greatly  improved.    In  one  volume,  octavo. 

THE  USEFUL  AND  THE   BEAUTIEUL ; 

OK.  DOMESTIC  AND  MORAL  DUTIES   NECESSARY  TO  SOCIAL  HAPPINESS. 

BEAUTIFULLY  ILLUSTRATED. 
lOmo.  square  cloth.     Price  60  and  75  cents. 

12 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

THE  FARMER'S  AND  PLANTER'S  ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 


€)^  famtf^  atiJr  ^ktittr's  fnrt{rln{itcMa  nf  Eural  affairs* 

BY  CUTHBERT  W.  JOHNSON. 
ADAPTED  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES  BY  GOUVERNEUR  EMERSON. 

Illustrated  by  seventeen  beautiful  Engravings  of  Cattle,  Horses,  She«p,  the  varieties  of  Wheat, 
Barley,  Oats,  Grasses,  the  Weeds  of  Agriculture,  <5tc. ;  besides  numerous  Engrav- 
ings on  wood  of  the  most  important  implements  of  Agriculture,  Sic. 
Tliis  standard  work  contains  the  latest  and  best  information  upon  all  subjects  connected  with 
farming,  and  appertaining  to  the  country ;  treating  of  the  great  crops  of  grain,  hay,  cotton,  hemp, 
tobacco,  rice,  sugar,  <kc.  <fec. ;  of  horses  and  mules ;  of  cattle,  with  minute  particulars  relating  to 
cliecse  and  butter-making;  of  fowls,  including  a  description  of  capon-making,  with  drawings  of  the 
instruments  employed ;  of  bees,  and  the  Russian  and  other  systems  of  managing  bees  and  con- 
Btmcting  hives.    I<ong  articles  on  the  uses  and  preparation  of  bones,  lime,  guano,  and  all  sorts  of 
animal,  mineral,  and  vegetable  substances  employed  as  manures.  Descriptions  of  the  most  approved 
ploughs,  harrows,  threshers,  and  every  other  agricultural  machine  and  implement ;  of  fruit  and 
shade  trees,  forest  trees,  and  shrubs;  of  weeds,  and  all  kinds  of  flies,  and  destructive  worms  and 
insects,  and  the  best  means  of  getting  rid  of  them;  together  with  a  thousand  other  matters  relating 
to  rural  life,  about  which  information  is  so  constantly  desired  by  all  residents  of  the  country. 
IN    ONE    LARGE    OCTAVO    VOLUME. 

MASON'S  FARRIER-FARMERS'  EDITION. 

Price,  62  cents. 


THE  PRACTICAL  FAR-RIER,  FOR  FARMERS: 

COMPRISINQ    A    GENERAL   BESCRIPTION   OF  THE    NOni.E   AND   USEFUL   ANIMAl., 

THE    HORSE; 

WITH  MODES  OF  MANAGEMENT  IN  ALL  CASES,  AND  TREATMENT  IN  DISEASE. 
TO    WHICH    IS   ADDED, 

A  PRIZE  ESSAY  ON  MULES  j  AND  AN  APPENDIX, 

Ctmtaining  Recipes  for  Diseases  of  Horses,  Oxen,  Cows,  Calves^  Sheep,  Dogs,  Swine,  &c.  &c. 

BV  nZCHiVXlD  MuQlSOSJ,  M.D., 

Formerly  of  Surry  County,  Virginia. 

In  one  volume,  12mo.;    bound  in  cloth,  gilt. 

MASON'S  FARRIER  AND  STUD-BOOK-NEW  EDITION. 

THE  GENTLEMAN'S  NEW  POCKET  FARRIER: 

COMPRISINO  A  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  NOBLE  AND  USEFUL  ANIMAL, 

THEHORSE; 

WITH  MODES  OF  MANAGEMENT  IN  ALL  CASES,  AND  TREATJIENT  IN  DISEASE. 

BV  BZCHAHD  T/lASOl^f  M.D., 

Formerly  of  Surry  County,  Virginia. 

*/o  which  is  added,  A  PRIZE  ESSAY  ON  MULES;  and  AN  APPENDIX,  containing  Recipes  lot 

i  Diseases  of  Horses,  Oxen,  Cows,  Calves,  Sheep,  Dogs,  Swine,  <fec.  &c. ;  with  Annals 

of  the  Turf,  American  Stud-Book,  Rules  for  Training,  Racing,  <fec 

WITH    A-  SUPPLEMENT, 

Comprising  an  Essay  on  Domestic  Animals,  especially  the  Horse ;  with  Remarks  on  Treatment  aiM 

Breeding ;  together  with  Trotting  and  Racing  Tables,  show  ing  the  best  time  on  record  at  on« 

two,  three  and  four  mile  heats  ;  Pedigrees  of  Winnir.a:  Horses,  since  1839,  and  of  the  most 

celebrated  Stallions  and  Mares ;  with  usefHl  Calving  and  Lambing  Tables.    By 

J.  S.  SKINNER,  Editor  now  of  the  Farmer's  Library,  New  York,  &c.  <Jto. 

13 


LIPPINCOTT,  GEAMBO  &  CO.'S  PCBLICATIONS. 

HINDS'S  FARRIERY  AND  STUD-BOOK-NEW  EDITION 


FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT  ON  A  NEW  AND  EASY  PLAN: 

BEING 

a  €mlm  m  tjiB  ¥imm  Eni  arritoiits  nf  tjiB  Mmt; 

With  Instructions  to  the  Shoeing  Smith,  Farrier,  and  Groom ;  preceded  by  a  Popular  Description  oi 
the  Animal  Functions  in  Health,  and  how  these  are  to  be  restored  when  disordered. 

BY  JOHN    HINDS,  VETERINARY  SURGEON. 

With  considerable  Additions  and  Improvements,  particularly  adapted  to  this  country, 

BY  THOMAS  M.    SMITH, 

Veterinary  Surgeon,  and  Member  of  the  London  Veterinary  Medical  Society. 

WITH  A  SUPPLEMENT,  BY  J.  S.  SKINNER. 

The  publishers  have  received  numerous  flattering  notices  of  the  great  practical  value  of  these 

works.    The  distinguished  editor  of  the  American  Farmer,  speaking  of  them,  observes: — "Wo 

cannot  too  highly  recommend  these  books,  and  therefore  advise  every  ovmer  of  a  horse  to  obtain 

them."  I 

"There  are  receipts  in  those  books  that  show  how  Founder  may  be  cured,  and  the  traveller  pur- 
sue his  journey  the  next  day,  by  giving  a  tablespoonful  of  alum.  This  was  got  from  Dr.  P.  Thornton. 
of  Montpelier,  Rappahannock  county,  Virginia,  as  founded  on  his  ovm  observation  in  several  cases." 

"  The  constant  demand  for  Mason's  and  Hinds's  Farrier  has  induced  the  publishers,  Messrs.  Lip- 
pincott.  Granibo  <fe  Co.,  to  put  forth  new  editions,  with  a  '  Supplement'  of  100  pages,  by  J.  S.  Skinner, 
Esq.  We  should  have  sought  to  render  an  acceptable  service  to  our  agricultural  readers,  by  giving 
a  chapter  from  the  Supplement,  'On  the  Relations  between  Man  and  the  Domestic  Animals,  espe- 
cially the  Horse,  and  the  Obligations  they  impose  ;'  or  the  one  on  '  The  Form  of  Animals ;'  but  that 
either  one  of  thera  would  overrun  the  space  here  allotted  to  such  subjects." 

"  Lists  of  Medicines,  and  other  articles  which  ought  to  be  at  hand  about  every  training  and  livery 
stable,  and  every  Farmer's  and  Breeder's  establishment,  will  be  found  in  these  valuable  works." 


TO  CARPENTERS  AND  MECHANICS 

Just  Published. 


A  NEW*  AND  IMPROVED  EDITION  OP 

THE  CARPENTER^S  NEW  GUIDE, 

BEING  A  COMPLETE  BOOK  OF  LINES  FOR 

jB.RFZ:irTB7  iiXTD  JOZZTERV; 

Treating  fully  on  Practical  Geometry,  SaflRl's  Brick  and  Plaster  Groins,  Niches  of  every  drscription. 

Sky-lights,  Lines  for  Roofs  and  Domes ;  with  a  great  variety  of  Designs  for  Roofe, 

Trussed  Girders,  Floors,  Domes,  Bndges.  <tc.,  Angle  Bars  for  Shop 

Fronts,  <kc.,  and  Raking  Mouldings. 

ALSO, 

Additional  Plans  for  various  Stair-Cases,  with  the  Lines  for  producing  the  Face  and  Falling  Mould* 
never  before  published,  and  greatly  superior  to  those  given  in  a  former  edition  of  this  work. 

BY   WILLIAM  JOHNSON,   ARCHITECT, 

OK    PHILADELPHIA. 

rhe  Whole  founded  on  true  Geometrical  Pnnciples ;  the  Theory  and  Practice  well  explained  and 
fully  exemplified,  on  eighty-three  copper  plates,  including  some  Observations  and  Calculations  oa 
ihe  Strength  of  Timber. 

BY    PETER     NIC  HOLSON, 

&«ittMt  trf  "The  Carpenter  and  Jomer's  Assistant,"  "The  Student's  Instructor  to  the  P1f» 

Orders,"  <kc. 

Thirteenth  Edition.    Oiv5  volume,  4to.,  well  bound. 

14 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  SELECT  AND  POPULAR  QUOTATIONS, 

WHICH  ARE  IN  DAILY  USE. 

TAKEN  FROM  THE  LATIN,  FRENCH,  GREEK,  SPANISH  AND  ITALIAN  LANGUAGES. 

Together  with  a  copious  Collection  of  Law  Maxims  and  Law  Terms,  translated  into 

English,  with  Illustrations,  Historical  and  Idiomatic. 

NEW  AMERICAN  EDITION,  CORRECTED,  WITH  ADDITIONS. 
One  volume,    1 2 m o . 

This  volume  comprises  a  copious  collection  of  legal  and  other  terms  which  are  in  common  use, 
Vlh  Eng;lish  translations  and  historical  illustrations;  and  we  should  judge  its  author  had  surely 

een  to  a  great  "Feast  of  Languaf^es,"  and  stole  all  the  scraps.  A  work  of  this  character  should 
liave  an  extensive  sale,  as  it  entirely  obviates  a  serious  difficulty  in  which  most  readers  are  involved 
by  the  frequent  o(;currence  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  French  passages,  which  we  suppose  are  introduced 
by  authors  for  a  mere  show  of  learning— a  difficulty  very  perplexing  to  readers  in  generaL  This 
"  Dictionary  of  Quotations,"  concerning  which  too  much  cannot  be  said  in  its  favour,  effectually 
removes  the  difficulty,  and  gives  the  reader  an  advantage  over  the  author ;  for  we  believe  a  majority 
are  themselves  ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  the  terms  they  employ.  Very  few'  truly  learned  authors 
will  insult  their  readers  by  introducing  Latin  or  French  quotations  in  their  writings,  when  "plain 
English"  will  do  as  well ;  but  we  will  not  enlarge  on  this  point. 

If  the  book  is  useful  to  those  unacquainted  with  other  languages,  it  is  no  less  valuable  to  the 
classically  educated  as  a  book  of  reference,  and  answers  all  the  purposes  of  a  Lexicon  — indeed,  on 
many  accounts,  it  is  better.  It  saves  the  trouble  of  tumbling  over  the  larger  volumes,  to  which 
every  one,  and  especially  those  engaged  in  the  legal  profession,  are  verv  often  subjected.  It  should 
have  a  place  in  every  library  in  the  country. 


RUSCHENBERGER'S  NATURAL  HISTORY', 

COMPLETE,     WITH    NEW    GLOSSARY. 


EMBRACING   ZOOLOGY,  BOTANY  AND  GEOLOGYl 

FOR  SCHOOLS,  COLLEGES  AND  FAMILIES. 

BIT  -W.  S.  W.  S.I7SOHESirBZ:nG£3H,£a:.  D; 

IN    TWO    VOLUMES. 

WITH  NEARLY  ONE  THOUSAND  ILLUSTRATIONS,  AND  A   COPIOUS   GLOSSARY. 

VoL  L  contains  Vertebrate  Animals.    Vol.  II.  contains  Litervertebrate  Animals,  Botany,  a}td  Gtolog^ 

A  Beautiful  and  Valuable^Presentation  Book. 


THE    POET'S    OFFERING.     • 

EDITED  BY  MRS.   HALE. 

With  a  Portrait  of  the  Editress,  a  Splendid  Illuminated  Title-Page,  and  Twelve  Beautiful  EngraT* 

inge  by  Sartain.    Bound  in  rich  Turkey  Morocco,  and  Extra  Cloth,  Gilt  Edge. 

To  those  who  wish  to  make  a  present  that  will  never  lose  its  value,  this  will  be  found  the  most 
dtssirable  Gift- Book  ever  published. 

"  We  commend  it  to  all  who  desire  to  present  a  friend  with  a  volume  not  only  very  beautiful,  but 
of  soHd  intrinsic  value."  —  Washingtoii  Union. 

"A  perfect  treasury  of  the  thoughts  and  fancies  of  the  best  English  and  American  Poets.  The 
paper  and  printing  are  beautiful,  and  the  binding  rich,  elegant,  and  substantial » the  most  sensible 
and  attractive  of  all  the  elegant  gift-books  we  have  seen."  —  Evening  Bulhtin. 

"  The  publishers  deserve  the  thanks  of  the  public  for  so  happy  a  thought,  so  well  executed.  The 
^igravings  are  by  the  best  artists,  and  the  other  portions  of  the  work  correspond  in  elegance."  — 
Public  Ledger. 

"  Tiisie  is  no  book  of  selections  so  diversified  and  appropriate  within  our  knowledge." — Pennsylv'n. 

"  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  as  well  as  elegant  books  ever  published  in  this  country."  —  Godey'* 
fjady't  Book. 

"  Iv  is  the  most  beautifui  and  the  most  useful  offering  ever  bestowed  on  the  public.  No  individual 
gfU^raxy  taste  Wiil  venture  to  be  without  it."—  The  City  Item. 

15 


LIPPINCOTT,  GRAMBO  &  CO.'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

THE  YOUNG  DOMINICAN; 
OR,  THE  MYSTERIES  OF  THE  INQUISITION, 

AND  OTHER  SECRET  SOCIETIES  OF  SPAIN. 
BY  M.  V.  DE  FEREAL. 

WITH  HISTORICAL  NOTES.   BY  M.  MANUEL  DE  CUENDIAS 

TRANSLATED    FROM    THE    FRENCH. 
ILLUSTRATED  WITH  TWENTY  SPLENDID  ENGKAVING3  BY  FRENCH  ARTISTS 

One  volume,  octavo. 

SAY'S  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 

A  TREATISE  ON  POLITICAL  ECONOMY; 
Or,  The  Production,  Distribution  and  Consumption  of  Wealth. 

BIT   JE.aN   BiLFTZSTS   SATT. 

FIFTH   AMERICAN   EDITION,  WITH   ADDITIONAL   NOTES, 
BY  C.   C.    BIDDLE,   Esq. 

In  one  volume,  octavo. 

It  would  be  beneficial  to  our  country  if  all  those  who  are  aspiring  to  office,  were  required  by  thetr 
constituents  to  be  familiar  with  the  pa^es  of  Say. 

The  distinguishe<l"biographer  of  the  author,  in  noticing  this  work,  observes  :  "  Happily  for  scienco 
he  commenced  that  study  which  forms  t)ie  basis  of  his  admirable  Treatise  on  Political  Economy ;  « 
work  which  not  only  improved  under  his  hand  with  every  successive  edition,  but  has  been  translated 
into  most  of  the  European  languages." 

The  Editor  of  the  North  American  Review,  speaking  of  Say,  observes,  that  "he  is  the  moat 
popular,  and  perhaps  the  most  able  writer  on  Political  Economy,  since  the  time  of  Smith." 

LAURENCE  STERNE'S  WORKS, 

WITH  A  LIFE  OF  THE  AUTHOR: 

WRITTEN    BY    HIMSELF. 

WITH   SEVEN  BEAUTIFUL  ILLUSTRATIONS,   ENGRAVED  BY  GILBERT  AND  GIHON, 
FROM  DESIGNS  BY  DARLEY. 

One  volume,    octavo;    cloth,    gilt. 

To  commend  or  to  criticise  Sterne's  Works,  in  this  age  of  the  world,  would  be  all  "  wasteful  and 
extravagant  excess."  Uncle  Toby  — Ck)rpoml  Trim  — the  Widow  — Le  Fevre— Poor  Maria— the 
Captive  — even  the  Dead  Ass,  — this  is  all  we  have  to  say  of  Sterne;  and  in  the  memory  of  these 
characters,  histories,  and  sketches,  a  thousand  follies  and  worse  than  follies  are  forgotten.  The 
volume  is  a  very  handsome  one. 

THE  MEXICAN  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES, 

A  COIIPLETE  IIISTORy'of'tHE  MEXICAN  WAR, 

EMBRACING  ALL  THE  OPERATIONS    UNDER   GENERALS   TAYLOR  AND   SCOTT. 

WITH  A  BIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  OFFICERS. 

ALSO, 

AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CONQUEST  OF  CALIFORNIA  AND  NEW  MEXICO, 

t'oder  Gen.  Kearny,  Cols.  Doniphan  and  Fremont.    Together  with  Numerous  Anecxlotes  of  th« 

War,  and  Personal  Adventures  of  the  Officers.    Illustrated  with  Accurate 

Portraits,  and  other  Beautiful  Engravijigs. 

In  one  volume,  12mo.  " 
1ft 


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osrz:  TuoTjSAnrTy  rzscsifts, 

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lades,  <kc.  <kc.  &c.    Together  with  various  Miscellaneous  Recipes, 

and  numerous  Preparations  for  Invalids. 

BY  MRS.   BLISS. 

In  one  volume,   12mo. 

BY   J.   B.  JONES, 

AUTHOR  OF  "WILD  WESTERN  SCENES,"  "THE  WESTERN  MERCHANT,"  Ac 
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FIELD  AND  CAMP;  OF  THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  COUNTRY,  M^VNNERS 

AND  WAYS  OF  THE  PEOPLE,  &c. 

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BY   LEONARD    MYERS. 

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tho  impostures  practised  by  a  set  of  self-styled  reformers,  who  have  nothing  to  lose,  and  to  whom 
change  must  be  gain— if,  in  short,  a  delineation  of  the  mistaken  ideas  which  prevent,  and  the 
means  which  conduce  to  happiness,  be  traits  deserving  of  commendation, — the  reader  will  find 
much  to  enlist  his  attention  and  win  his  approbation  in  the  pages  of  this  unpretending,  but  truly 
meritorious  publication." 

WHAT  IS  CHURCH  HISTORY? 

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BY  PHILIP  SCHAF. 

TRANSLATED    PROM    THE    GERMAN. 

)lun] 

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BY  "WIIiLIAIVI  DODD,  IiL.  D., 

CHAPLAIN   IN   ORDINARY    TO   HIS   MAJESTY    GEORGE   THE   THIRD. 
FIRST  AMERICAN  EDITION,  WITH  ENGRAVINGS. 

One  volume,  ISino. 


THE  IRIS: 

AN  ORIGINAL  SOUVENIR. 
With  Contributions  from  tlie  First  Writers  in  the  Country. 

EDITED  BY  PHOF.   JOHN  S.   HART. 

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Mache  Binding. 

IN    ONE   VOLUME,    OCTAVO. 

Its  contents  are  entirely  original.    Among  the  contributors  are  names  well  known  in  the  republia 

of  letters ;  such  as  Mr.  Boker,  Mr.  Stoddard,  Prof.  Moffat,  Edith  May,  Mrs.  Sigourney,  Caroline  May, 

Mrs.  Kinney,  Mrs.  Butler,  Mrs.  Pease,  Mrs.  Swift,  Jlr.  Van  Bibber,  Rev.  Charles  T.  Brooks,  Mrs. 

Dorr,  Erastus  W.  Ellswortli,  Miss  E.  W.  Barnes,  Mrs.  Williams,  Mary  Young,  Dr.  Gardette,  Alio* 

Carey,  Phebe  Carey,  Augusta  Browne,  Hamilton  Browne,  Caroline  Eustis,  Margaret  Junkin,  Maria 

J.  B.  Browne,  Miss  Starr,  Mrs.  Brotherson,  Kate  Campbell,  <kc. 

(Bms  from  tlje  $mth  Mint; 

OR;  HOLY  THOUGHTS  UPON. SACRED  SUBJECTS. 

*  EY  CLERGYMEN  OF  THE  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH. 

EDITED  BY  THOMAS  WYATT,  A.M. 
In  one  volume,  12mo. 

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The  contents  of  this  work  are  chiefly  by  clergymen  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  Among  the  con- 
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Bishop  Johns,  and  Bishop  Doane ;  and  the  Rev.  Drs.  H.  V.  D.  Johns,  Coleman,  and  Butler ;  Rev.  G. 
T.  Bedell,  M'Cabe,  Ogilsby,  ice.  The  illustrations  are  rich  and  exquisitely  wrought  engravings  upon 
tue  following  subjects:— "Samuel  before  Eli,"  "Peter  and  John  healing  the  Lame  Man,"  "The 
Resurrection  of  Christ,"  "Joseph  sold  by  his  Bretliren,"  "The  Tables  of  the  Law,"  "Christ'« 
Agony  in  the  Garden,"  and  "  The  Flight  into  Egypt."  These  subjects,  with  many  others  in  proM 
and  verse,  are  ably  treated  throughout  the  work. 

HAW-HO-NOO: 

OR,  THE  RECORDS  OE  A  TOURIST. 

BY  CHARLES  LANMAN, 
Author  of  "  A  Summer  in  the  Wildernees,"  &c.  In  one  volume,  12mo. 
"  In  the  present  book,  •Hato-ho-noo,'  (an  Indian  name,  by  the  way,  for  America,)  the  author  has 
^thered  up  some  of  the  relics  of  his  former  tours,  and  added  to  them  other  interesting  matter,  h 
contains  a  numt>er  of  carefully  written  and  instructive  articles  upon  the  various  kinds  offish  in  o\t 
country,  whose  capture  affords  sport  for  anglers ;  reminiscences  of  unique  incidents,  manners,  and 
customs  in  different  parts  of  the  country ;  and  other  articles,  narrative,  descriptive,  and  sentimental. 
In  a  supplement  are  gathered  many  curious  Indian  legends.  They  are  related  with  great  simplicity 
and  clearness,  and  will  be  of  service  hereafter  to  the  poem-makers  of  America.  Many  of  them  are 
quite  \)eauii(ul"  —  National  Intelligencer. 

18 


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lONZ  POWERS;  Or,  The  Regulators. 
A  ROMANCE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

FOUNDED   ON   FACTS. 

BY  JA3VXES  'WEIR,  ESQ. 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES. 
The  scenes,  characters,  and  incidents  in  these  volumes  have  been  copied  from  nature,  and  from 
teal  Ufe.  They  are  represented  as  taking  place  at  that  period  in  the  history  of  Kentucky,  when 
the  Indian,  driven,  after  many  a  hard-fought  field,  from  his  favourite  hunting-ground,  was  succeeded 
by  a  rude  and  unlettered  population,  interspersed  with  organized  bands  of  desperadoes,  sca?cely 
less  savage  than  the  red  men  they  had  displaced.  The  author  possesses  a  vigorous  and  grapliic 
pen,  and  has  produced  a  very  interesting  romance,  which  gives  us  a  striking  portrait  of  the  timea 
he  describes. 

THE  WESTERN  MERCHANT 

A  NAEEATIVE, 

Containing  useful  Instruction  for  the  Western  Man  of  Business,  who  makes  his  Purchases  in  the 
East.    Also,  Information  for  the  Eastern  Man,  whose  Customers  are  in  the  West. 
Likewise,  Hints  for  those  who  design  emigrating  to  the  West.    De- 
duced from  actiial  experience. 

BY  LUEB  SHORTTIELD,  A  WESTERN  MERCHANT. 

One  volume,    12mo. 

This  is  a  new  work,  and  will  be  found  very  interesting  to  the  Country  Merchant,  <fec.  Ac. 

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The  "  moral"  of  the  work  is  summed  up  in  the  followmg  concluding  sentences :  "  Adhere  stead- 
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A  MANUxVL  OF  POLITENESS, 

COMPRISING  THK 

PRINCIPLES  OF  ETIQUETTE  AND  RULES  OF  BEHAVIOUR 

IN  GENTEEL  SOCIETY,  FOR  PERSONS  OF  BOTH  SEXES. 

l^mo.,  with  Plates. 


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THE  GENTLEMAN  AND  LADY'S 
BOOK  OF  POLITENESS  AND  PROPRIETY  OF  DEPORTMENl 

DEDICATED  TO  THE  YOUTH  OP  BOTH  SEXES. 
BY  3VIADAIVIE   CELNART. 

Translated  from  the  Sixth  Paris  Edition,  Enlarged  and  Improved 
Fifth    American   Edition. 
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THE  ANTEDILUVIANS;  Or,  The  World  Destroyed. 

A  NAREATIVE   POEM,   IN  TEN  BOOKS. 
BY  JAMES  M'HENRY,   M.D.. 
%  One  volume,  18mo 

19 


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Bennett's  (Rev.  John)  letters  to  a  Young  Lady, 

ON  A  VARIETY  OF  SUBJECTS  CALCULATED  TO  IMPROVE  THE  HEART, 
TO  FORM  THE  MANNERS,  AND  ENLIGHTEN  THE  UNDERSTANDING. 

"That  our  daughters  may  be  as  polished  comers  of  the  temple." 
The  publishers  sincerely  hope  (for  the  happiness  of  mankind)  that  a  copy  of  this  valuable  litll* 
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depends  on  the  proper  cultivation  of  the  female  mind. 

THE  DAUGHTER'S  OWN  BOOK: 

OR,  PRACTICAL  HllfrS  FROM  A  FATHER  TO  HIS  DAUGHTER. 

One  volume,  18mo. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  practical  and  truly  valuable  treatises  on  the  culture  and  discipline  of  the 
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dent,  from  the  great  demand  for  this  invaluable  little  work,  that  ere  long  it  will  be  found  in  the 
library  of  every  young  lady. 

THE  AMERICAN  chesterfield: 

Or,  "Youth's  Guide  to  the  Way  to  Wealth,  Honour,  and  Distinction,"  fo.   18nio. 

OONTAININQ  ALSO  A  COMPLETE  TEEATISE  ON  THE  ART  OP  CARVING. 

"We  most  cordially  recommend  the  American  Chesterfield  to  general  attention;  but  to  young 
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SENECA'S   MORALS. 

BY  WAY  OF  ABSTRACT  TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED,  A  DISCOURSE  UNDER 
THE  TITLE  OP  AN  AFTER-THOUGHT. 

BY    SIR    ROGER    L'ESTRANGE,    KNT. 

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NEW  SONG-BOOK. 

drigg's  lonttiera  nnh  'Btslm  $mpln', 

BEING  A  CHOICE  COLLECTION  OF  THE  MOST  FASHIONABLE  SONGS,  MANY  OF  WHICH 
AKE  ORIGINAL. 

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lour Song-Book,  or  Songster."    The  immortal  Shakspeare  observes  — 
"  The  man  that  hath  not  music  in  himself. 
Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 
Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils." 

fiOBOTHAM'S  POCKET  FRENCH  DICTIONARY, 

CAREFULLY  REVISED, 

AND  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  ALL  THE  DIFPrCULT  W0RB6  ADDED. 
20 


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THE  LIFE  AND  OPINIONS  OF  TRISTRAM  SHANDY,  GENTLEMAN. 

COMPRISINO   TUK   HDMOROOS    ADVENTURES   0/ 

UNCLE  TOBY  AND  CORPORAL   TRIM.* 

BY  I,.  STEHWE. 
Beautifully  Illustrated  by  Parley*    Stltclied. 

A  SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY. 

BY  L.   STERNE. 

Illustrated  as  above  by  Darley.    Stitched. 

The  beauties  of  this  aullior  are  so  well  known,  and  his  errors  in  style  and  expression  so  few  and 
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WITH  A  LIKENESS  OF  THE  OLD  HERO. 
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LIFE   OF    PAUL    JONES. 

In  one  volume,  12mo. 
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BY  JAMES  HAMILTON. 
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kis  services  in  the  American  Revolution,  and  in  the  war  between  the  Jlussians  and  Turks  in  the 
Black  Sea.  There  is  scarcely  any  Naval  Hero,  of  any  age,  who  combined  in  his  character  so  much 
of  the  adventurous,  skilful  and  daring,  as  Paul  Jones.  The  mcidents  of  his  life  are  almost  as  start 
ling  and  absorbing  as  those  of  romance.  His  achievements  during  the  American  Revolution — the 
fight  between  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  and  Serapis,  the  most  desperate  %aval  action  on  record  — 
and  the  alarm  into  which,  with  so  small  a  force,  he  threw  the  coasts  of  England  and  Scotland  —  are 
matters  comparatively  well  knowTi  to  Americans ;  but  the  incidents  of  his  subsequent  career  have 
been  veiled  in  obscurity,  which  is  dissipated  by  this  biography.  A  book  hke  this,  narrating  the 
actions  of  such  a  man,  ought  to  meet  with  an  extensive  sale,  and  become  as  popular  as  Robinson 
Crusoe  in  fiction,  or  Weems's  Life  of  Marion  and  Washington,  and  similar  books,  in  fact.  It  con- 
tains 400  pages,  has  a  handsome  portrait  and  medallion  likeness  of  Jones,  and  is  illustrated  with 
numerous  original  wood  engravings  "of  naval  scenes  and  distinguished  men  with  whom  he  waa 


THE  GREEK  EXILE; 

'■     Or,  A  Narrative  of  the  Captivity  and  Escape  of  Ctiristoptiorns  Plato  Castanis, 

DURING    THE    MASSACRE   ON  THE   ISLAND    OF   SCIO   BY  THE  TURKS 
TOGETHER  WITH  VARIOUS  ADVENTURES  IN  GREECE  AND  AMERICA. 

WRITTEN    BY   HIMSELF, 

Author  of  an  Essay  on  the  Ancient  and  Modem  Greek  Languages ;  Interpretation  of  the  Attribatet 

of  the  Principal  Fabulous  Deities ;  The  Jewish  Maiden  of  Scio's  Citadel ;  and 

the  Greek  Boy  in  the  Sunday-SchooL 

One  volume,  12mo. 

THE  YOUNG  CHORISTER; 

4  Collection  of  New  and  Beautiful  Tunes,  adapted  to  the  use  of  Sabbath-Schools,  from  some  of  tft* 
most  distinguished  composers  ;  together  with  many  of  the  author's  compositions. 

EDITED  BY  MINARD  W.  WILSON. 
21 


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CAMP  LIFE  OF  A  VOLUNTEER. 

A  Campaign  in  Mexico;  Or,  A  Glimpse  at  Life  in  Camp. 

BT  "ONE  WHO  HAS  SEEN  THE  ELEPHANT." 

%\U  of  (l^neral  ^ac [lari]  Ciujlnr, 

COMPRISING   A   NARRATIVE   OF  EVENTS  CONNECTED   WITH  HIS   PROFESSIONAL 
CAREER,  AND  AUTHENTIC  INCIDENTS  OF  HIS  EARLY  YEARS. 

BY  J.  REESE  FRY  AND  R.«T.  CONRAD. 

With  fin  original  and  accurate  Portrait,  and  eleven  elegant  Illustrations,  by  Darleyi 

In  one  handsome  12mo.  volunie. 

"  It  is  by  far  the  fullest  and  most  Intere^tiDg  biography  of  General  Taylor  that  we  have  ever  seen." 
^Richmond  ( Whiy)  Cfironicle. 

"  On  tlie  whole,  we  are  satisfied  that  this  volume  is  the  most  correct  and  comprehensive  one  yet 
published."  —  HunVs  Merchants'  Magazine. 

"  The  superiority  of  this  edition  over  tlie  ephemeral  publications  of  the  day  consists  in  fuller  and 
more  authentic  accounts  of  his  family,  his  early  life,  and  Indian  wars.  The  narrative  of  his  prc»- 
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GENERAL  TAYLOR  AND  HIS  STAFF: 

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Yell,  Hays,  and  other  distinguished  Officers  attacked  to  Geueral  Taylor's 

Army.    Interspersed  with 

NUMEROUS'aNECDOTES  of  the  MEXICAN  WAR, 

uid  Personal  Adventures  of  the  Officers.    Compiled  from  Public  Documents  and  Private  Corr*- 

^  spondence.    With 

ACCURATE  PORTRAITS,  AND  OTHER  BEAUTIFUL  ILLUSTRATIONS, 
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GENERAL  SCOTT  AND  HIS  STAFF : 

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distinguished  officers  attached  to  General  Scott's  Army. 

TOGETHER    WITH 

Notices  of  General  Kearny,  Col.  Doniphan,  Col.  Fremont,  and  other  officers  distinguiihed  in  the 
Conquest  of  California  and  New  Mexico  ;  and  Personal  Adl'enture^5  of  the  Officers.    Com- 
piled from  Public  Documents  and  Private  Correspondence.    With 

ACCURATE  PORTRAITS,  AND  OTrfER    BEAUTIFUL   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

In  one  volume,  12mo. 


THE  FAMILY  DENTIST, 

li*CLUDING  THE  SURGICAL,  MEDICAL  AND  MECHANICAL  TREATMENT 

OF  THE  TEETH. 

Illustrated  w^ith  thirty-one  Eln^ravlngs* 

By  CHARLES  A.  DU  BOUCHET,  M.  D.,  Dental  Surgeon. 

In  one  volume,  18mo. 

22 


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MECHANICS  FOR  THE  IVilLLWRIGHT,  ENGINEER  AND  MACHINIST, 
b  CIVIL  ENGINEER,  AND  ARCHITECT: 

CONTAINING 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  IIECHAMCS  APPLIED  TO  MACHINERY 

Of  American  models,  Steam-Engines,  Water-Works,  'Navigation,  Bridge -building,  <Scc.  Slc    Br 

FREDERICK  OVERMAN, 

Author  of  "The  Manufacture  of  Iron,"  and  other  scientific  treatises. 

Illustrated  by  150  Engravings.     In  one  large  12mo.  volume. 

WILLIAMS'S  TRAVELLER'S  AND  TOURIST'S  GUIDE 

Through  the  United  States,  Canada,  &c. 

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26 


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27 


LIPPINCOTT'S 

CABINET  HISTORIES  OF  THE  STATES. 


The  subscribers  have  been  for  some  time  preparing  to  publish 
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to  embrace  a  volume  for  each  State;  and  they  have  so  far  com- 
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production.     Several  volumes  are  now  ready  for  sale. 

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books  for  old  and  young.  Each  individual  will,  in  consequence, 
become  familiar,  not  only  with  the  history  of  his  own  State,  but 
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reawakened,  and  old  bonds  cemented  in  a  firmer  reunion. 

The  talented  authors  who  have  engaged  to  write  these  histories 
are  no  strangers  in  the  literary  world.  What  they  undertake, 
the  public  may  rest  assured  will  be  performed  thoroughly,  and 
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In  this  series  of  histories  the  authors,  while  presenting  a  concise 
but  accurate  narrative  of  the  domestic  policy  of  each  State,  will 
give  greater  prominence  to  the  personal  history  of  the  people. 
The  dangers  which  continually  hovered  around  the  early  colonists ; 
the  stirring  romance  of  a  life  passed  fearlessly  amid  peril ;  the 
incidents  of  border  warfare;  the  adventures  of  hardy  pioneers; 
the  keen  watchfulness,  the  subtle  surprise,  the  ruthless  attack,  and 
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recorded;  while  the  progressive  developments  of  the  citizens  of 
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entire  history  of  each  individual  State,  from  its  origin  to  the  pre- 
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